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Publishing Year : 2025

September To November
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यह लेख प्राचीन सहभागी परंपराओं से लेकर आधुनिक संस्थागत ढाँचों और विकासात्मक चुनौतियों तक भारतीय लोकतंत्र की विशिष्ट यात्रा का विश्लेषण करता है। यह विचार करता है कि भारतीय लोकतंत्र में मानव जीवन, लोक प्रशासन, अर्थव्यवस्था, सुशासन तथा कूटनीति के क्षेत्र में बहुत से आयाम आज भी प्रासंगिक हैं। यह विचार का खंडन करता है कि लोकतंत्र मुख्यतः पश्चिमी विरासत है, और दिखाता है कि भारत का राजनीतिक जीवन लम्बे समय से चली आ रही स्वदेशी विचार-विमर्श परंपराओं की सभा और समिति, बौद्ध संघ, ग्राम पंचायतें, मंदिर एव।शिल्पी संघ पर आधारित है, और यही सांस्कृतिक स्रोत औपनिवेशिक शासन के प्रति प्रतिक्रियाओं और आधुनिक संविधान के निर्माण को प्रभावित करते हैं। लेख 1947 के बाद की संस्थागत प्रगति, चुनावी विस्तार, न्यायिक नवाचार, और विकेन्द्रीकृत शासन (पंचायती राज एवं नगरीय स्थानीय संस्थाएँ) की समीक्षा करता है तथा भारतीय संदर्भ में लोकतंत्र और विकास के जटिल, पारस्परिक संबंध का विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। यह रेखांकित करता है कि किस प्रकार लोकतांत्रिक तंत्र ने सामाजिक जागरूकता, नीति पुनर्परिभाषा और समावेशी कार्यक्रमों (भूमि सुधार, हरित क्रांति, कल्याण योजनाओं) को प्रोत्साहित किया है, वहीं असमानता, भ्रष्टाचार, साम्प्रदायिक राजनीति और पर्यावरणीय दबाव जैसी निरंतर चुनौतियों का सामना भी करना पड़ा है। डिजिटल युग में सहभागिता के नए अवसर (ई-गवर्नेंस, सोशल मीडिया) गलत सूचना और निगरानी जैसे जोखिमों के साथ मौजूद हैं। समीक्षा यह निष्कर्ष निकालती है कि भारतीय लोकतंत्र की दृढ़ता उसकी सजीव सभ्यतागत विचार-विमर्श और वाद-विवाद की परंपरा से आती है,परंतु समावेशिता और प्रभावी विकास बनाए रखने के लिए संस्थागत नवाचार, सशक्त स्थानीय शासन तथा पुनर्जीवित जन-सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की आवश्यकता होगी। 

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समावेशी विकास, सुशासन, न्यायिक नवाचारए ई गवर्नेंस, जवाबदेही.

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  1. Altekar, A. S. (1955) Kautilya’s Theory of State. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 36(1/4), 247–258.

2. Ghoshal, U. N. (1959) A History of Indian Political Ideas, Oxford University Press, London.
3. Jayaswal, K. P. (1924) Hindu Polity. Bangalore Printing and Publishing Co., Bangalore.
4. Kamandaka (1991) (c. 7th century CE) Nitisara (G. C. Pandey, Ed.) Chaukhamba Vidyabhavan, Varanasi.
5. Kamandaka, Nitisara (1991)  Ed. G. C. Pandey. Chaukhamba, Chaukhamba Vidyabhavan, Varanasi.
6. Kulke, H. (1976) Kautilya and the Concept of the State, Journal of Asian Studies, 35(4), 572–584.
7. Kulke, Hermann. (1976) Kautilya and the Concept of the State in Ancient India. Journal of Asian Studies, 35(4), 572–584.
8. Mehta, V. R. (1992) Foundations of Indian Political Thought, Manohar Publishers, New Delhi.
9. Rangarajan, L. N. (1992) Kautilya: The Arthashastra, Penguin Books, New Delhi.
10. Sarkar, B. K. (1919) The Political Science of the Arthasastra, Longmans, Calcutta.
11. Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1919) The Political Science of the Arthasastra. Longmans, Calcutta.
12. Shamasastry, R. (Trans.) (1915) Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Government Press, Mysore.
13. Sharma, R. S. (1983) State Formation in Ancient India and the Relevance of Kautilya. Indian Historical Review, 10(1–2), 1–20.
14. Vyasa (1895) Mahabharata: Shanti Parva, (M. N. Dutt, Trans.) Elysium Press, Calcutta.

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Global warming is forcing many species to change where they live. As temperatures rise, some places will become too hot for the plants and animals that live there now. Species will migrate out of these hot areas and into other areas that used to be too cold for them. In some cases, species will not be able to move fast enough to escape rising temperatures, or there will not be enough places with suitable climates left for them to live in increasing the risk that these species will become extinct. As global warming forces many plant and animal species to move around, or causes them to become extinct from certain areas, the types of species that we find around us will change, which will affect our lives. All organisms have a range of temperatures in which they are comfortable. Exactly which temperatures are comfortable differs between species some species like it hot and other species like it cold. As a result of these different temperature preferences, we can predictably find certain species in certain places. Thanks to specific temperature preferences like these, forests look very different at the tops of mountains (where it is cold) vs. at the bottom (where it is warmer); and they also look different in hot, tropical places vs. colder, temperate locations. But global warming is starting to mix things up. The greenhouse effect is warming our planet and, as the climate continues to get hotter, temperatures are starting to get uncomfortable for many plant and animal species. Scientists think that, to avoid overheating, these species will have to change where they live and move to areas that used to be too cold for them. 

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Temperature Rise, Changing Rainfall Patterns, Ecosystem Disruption, Forest Communities.

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  1. Arjumand, T., Gupta, S. and Chauhan, R. (2021) Assessment of Threats to Forest Ecosystems Using Geospatial Technology in Jharkhand State of India, Current Science, 120(3): 422–432.

2. Gadgil, M. and Guha, R. (1993) This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India, University of California Press, Oxford Melbourne.
3. Goparaju, L. (2017) Long-Term Deforestation Assessment in Jharkhand State, India, Forest Research and Management, 8(2): 115–129.
4. IPCC (2022) Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Cambridge University Press, England.
5. Jairam R (2010) Forests and Tribals of Jharkhand: Ecology, Economy, and Society, Manohar Publishers, Delhi.
6. Rathore, P., Singh, J. and Mehra, P. (2023) Enhanced Surface Temperature over India during 1980–2020 and Projections under CMIP6, Nature Communications Earth & Environment, 4: 1257.
7. Sharma, S., Patel, A. and Verma, N. (2024) Climate Change Impact on Forest Communities in Jharkhand, India, International Journal of Research and Public Reviews, 5(1): 36–49.
8. Singh, V. and Kumar, R. (2017) Environmental Issues and Climate Change in Jharkhand, Journal of Environmental Studies, 12(4): 201–218.

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This research paper analyzes the role of Scheduled Caste MLAs in the Chhattisgarh Assembly and parliamentary elections from the birth of Chhattisgarh to 2023, examining voting patterns, caste dynamics, and political party performance in the state’s 90 Assembly constituencies and 11 Lok Sabha constituencies. This study examines historical voting behaviour and trends in the Chhattisgarh Assembly and parliamentary elections from 2003 to 2023. It also examines the role of caste-based strategies adopted by major political parties, including the regional political parties. The research concludes that Scheduled Caste MLAs play a significance role in Chhattisgarh’s politics and Government formation. If given the opportunity, Scheduled Caste MLAs can win even in general constituencies.

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Scheduled Castes, Chhattisgarh, State Assembly Elections, Parliamentary Election.

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  1. Assembly Constituencies | Raipur District, Government of Chhattisgarh | India.” Raipur.gov.in, 2024, raipur.gov.in/en/assembly-constituencies/, Accessed on 10/08/2025.

2. Chhattisgarh 2018 Assembly Election Results.” India Today, December 11, 2018, www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2018, Accessed on 16/08/2025.
3. Chhattisgarh 2023 Election Results The Times of India, December 3, 2023, timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections, Accessed on 09/08/2025.
4. Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly.” Legislative Bodies in India, National Informatics Centre, cgvidhansabha.gov.in/, Accessed on 10/08/2025.
5. Chhattisgarh Population 2011 - 2024.” Census 2011, www.census2011.co.in/census/state/chhattisgarh.html, Accessed on 11/08/2025.
6. Constitution of India. Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India, legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india, Accessed on 09/08/2025.
7. Election Results - Complete Statistical Report.” Election Commission of India, eci.gov.in/election-results/, Accessed on 08/08/2025.
8. List of Parliamentary Constituencies.” Chief Electoral Officer, Chhattisgarh, ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/parliamentary-constituencies/, Accessed on 11/08/2025.
9. List of Winning Candidates - Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Elections 2003, 2008, 2013.” Chief Electoral Officer, Chhattisgarh, ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/archives/, Accessed on 16/08/2025.
10. Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe and Other Backward Classes Welfare | Social Welfare Department.” Government of Chhattisgarh, cgstate.gov.in/en/social-welfare-departmenrt, Accessed on 18/08/2025.

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भारत की नई व्यापार नीति का मुख्य उद्देश्य वैश्विक प्रतिस्पर्धा बढ़ाना, निर्यात बढाना, व्यापार को सरल बनाना तथा घरेलू उद्योगों को अंतरराष्ट्रीय बाजार में अधिक अवसर प्रदान करना है। यह नीति उत्पादन आधारित प्रोत्साहन, लॉजिस्टिक्स सुधार, डिजिटल व्यापार प्रणाली मुक्त व्यापार समझौतों के विस्तार और एमईएमएस सेक्टरों की सहभागिता को बढ़ाने पर जोर देती है। नई व्यापार नीति का आर्थिक प्रभावों का विश्लेषण दर्शाता है कि इससे निर्यात में वृद्धि, रोजगार सृजन, विदेशी निवेश में वृद्धि, तथा निर्माण क्षेत्र का विस्तार होने की संभावना प्रबल है। नीति में व्यापार प्रक्रिया के डिजिटलीकरण से पारदर्शिता बढ़ी है, लागतों में कमी आई है और निर्यातकों के लिए समय की बचत हुई है। इसके अतिरिक्त एफटीए के माध्यम से भारत वैश्विक आपूर्ति श्रृंखला का अधिक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा बनने की दिशा में अग्रसर है। हालांकि इस नीति के लिए कुछ चुनौतियां और समस्याएं भी हैं फिर भी समग्र रूप से नयी व्यापार नीति भारत की अर्थव्यवस्था को अधिक सुदृढ, निर्यातमुखी, और वैश्विक प्रतिस्पर्धा के अनुरूप बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है। यह नीति दीर्घकाल में भारत को वैश्विक व्यापार शक्ति के रूप में स्थापित करने की दिशा में निर्णय कदम सिद्ध हो सकती है।

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वैश्विक, अर्थव्यवस्था, मुक्त व्यापार समझौता, मेक इन इंडिया, डिजिटल प्लेटफॉर्म, क्रेडिट गारंटी स्कीम.

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  1. सिंह, रमेश (2024-25) भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था, मैरूग्रा हिल प्रा. लि., नोयडा। 

2. मिश्रा, संजय (2024) भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के प्रमुख आयाम, इ.डी., नई दिल्ली। 
3. कुमार, अरविंद (2018) भारत की विदेश व्यापार नीति एवं अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार, साहित्य भवन, आगरा।
4. पूरी, बी. के. एवं मिश्रा, एस.के. (2025) अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार, प्रकाशक का नाम एवं पता ???। 
5. मिश्रा, पी. के. (प्रकाशन वर्ष ???) वैश्वीकरण और भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था, हिमालय पब्लिशिंग हाउस, मुंबई।
6. Salvatore, Dominik (2019) International Economics, Wiley India, Noida.
7. Krugman, Paul; Obstfeld, Maurice (2021) International Economics- theory and policy, Pearson Education, Noida.
8. Acharya, Shankar (2011) The Indian economy: A Macroeconomics Perspective, Oxford University Press, U.K.
9. Kapila, Uma (2021) Economic development Policy in India, Academic Foundation, New Delhi.
10. Swami, Subramanian (2007-08) India and the global economy, Uma Kapila Academic Foundation, New Delhi.
11. Niti Ayog (2025) The rise of India in global trade, Trade Watch Quarterly Report, Niti ayog Publication, New Delhi, October-December 2025, Q3.
12. भारत सरकार (31 मार्च 2023) वाणिज्य एवं उद्योग मंत्रालय भारत सरकार विदेशी व्यापार नीति 2023-2024, भारत सरकार, नई दिल्ली । 
13. नीति आयोग (2024) भारत की व्यापार एवं निर्यात वृद्धि रिपोर्ट, नई दिल्ली।
14. भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक वार्षिक रिपोर्ट- 2023-24, नई दिल्ली।
15. आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण 2024-25, वित्त मंत्रालय भारत सरकार। 
16. (2024) व्यापार एवं उद्योग चैंबर भारत के निर्यात क्षेत्र की चुनौतियां और अवसर 2024।
17. विश्व व्यापार संगठन (2024) भारत की व्यापार नीति समीक्षा 2024, विश्व व्यापार संगठन, जिनेवा।
18. अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष (2024) विश्व आर्थिक दृष्टिकोण।
19. विश्व बैंक (2024) ग्लोबल ट्रेड आउटलुक रिपोर्ट-2024, विश्व बैंक, वाशिंगटन डीसी।

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Kantola (Momordica dioica), commonly known as spiny gourd or teasel gourd, is a perennial, dioecious climbing plant that belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. It is widely consumed in various parts of India and Southeast Asia, especially during the monsoon season. Although traditionally valued for its culinary uses, recent scientific attention has highlighted its significant potential in both medicinal and domestic applications due to its rich phytochemical profile. This study presents a detailed examination of the chemical composition of Kantola’s fruit, leaves, and stems, focusing on the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, phenolic acids, and essential minerals including iron, potassium, and calcium. These compounds are known to exhibit various pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, and hepatoprotective activities. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the study also explores how different parts of the plant differ in composition and potency. The leaves and stems, often discarded as agricultural waste, are found to contain notable concentrations of bioactive components, indicating their untapped potential in phytotherapeutics and nutraceutical formulations. Furthermore, Kantola’s utility extends into domestic sectors, where its extracts are traditionally used in food preservation, pest control, and herbal health remedies. By consolidating traditional knowledge with modern scientific findings, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the plant’s multifunctional value and to encourage further research into its integration in both medicinal and sustainable domestic practices. 

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  1. AOAC International (2016) Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 20th ed., Rockville, AOAC, MD, USA. 

2. Dash, G. K. (2004) Studies on the hypoglycemic activity of Momordica dioica fruits in experimental animals,” Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 42, no. 6, p. 471–474, doi:10.3109/13880200490893434. 
3. Harborne, R. (1998) Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis, 3rd ed., Springer,  London.
4. Jaiswal, S. B.; Patel, A. and Patel, V. M. (2012) Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Momordica dioica Roxb. (Kantola): A review, International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 1–4.
5. Khan S. A.; et al. (2021) Nutritional and therapeutic potential of underutilized vegetables in India: A review, Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 58, no. 2, p. 353–364, doi:10.1007/s13197-020-04529-9. 
6. Pandey, A. K.; Tripathi, S. S. and Tiwari, R. K. (2011) Ethnobotanical uses of Momordica dioica by tribal communities in Central India, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 134, no. 3, p. 775–779,  doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.003.
7. Patel, P. M. and Shah, M. M. (2020) Mineral composition and antioxidant potential of Momordica dioica fruits, Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 57, no. 4, p. 372–379. 
8. Sofowora, A. O. (1993) Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa, 2nd ed., Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan. 
9. Trease, G. E. and Evans, W. C. (2002) Pharmacognosy, 15th ed., Saunders, London. 

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This paper presents an analytical review of the educational ecosystem of ancient Nalanda Mahavihara, presenting a case for its reconsideration as a proto-university and dynamic nexus of global intellectual exchange. Going beyond the monastic walls, the report analyzes its unique pedagogical model, based on dialectical reasoning and intellectual meritocracy, and a remarkably diverse curriculum that went beyond religious dogma. It further explores Nalanda’s role as a cultural diplomacy hub, powered by a multi-national network of patronage. Another component is the nuanced, multi-causal analysis of its decline-a contestation of a simplistic narrative about a single destructive event and a systemic collapse due to a conjunction of political, economic, and internal religious factors. Synthesizing Chinese and Tibetan pilgrims’ accounts with findings from epigraphy and archaeology, this analysis will aim to outline Nalanda’s legacy as an unparalleled model for intellectual freedom, interdisciplinary learning, and international cooperation.

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Monastic Walls, Pedagogical, Diversity, Socio-Political.

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  1. Basham, A. L. (1954) The Wonder That Was India, 3d ed, Reprint 2000, Sidgwick & Jackson, London.

2. Yadav, A.K. and Shrivastava, V.P. (2022) A Study of Ancient Nalanda University and Modern University System: Similarities and Differences, IJRPR Journal, 6(7), 132.
3. Xuanzang (1996) Datang-Xiyu-Ji, (Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty), Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Moraga, CA.
4. De Bary, Theodore, ed. (1969) The Buddhist Tradition in India, China, and Japan,Reprint 1972, Vintage Books, New York. 
5. I-Tsing (1896) A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
6. Warder, A. K. (1970) Indian Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass,  Delhi. 
7. Goyal, S. R. (1987) A History of Indian Buddhism, Kusumanjali Prakashan, Meerut. 

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This paper tries to point out key features and process of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana related with skill training and development of Indian youth. Also highlights trained candidates’ stats during the tenure of 10 years from starting of this flagship scheme by Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).

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Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas, Skill, Development, Evolution.

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  1. Annual Reports of MSDE 2015-16, 2024-25, https://www.msde.gov.in/ministry, Accessed on 20/08/2025.

2. Borah, D. & Dutta, A. (2024) Employability and Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): A Pathway to Skill Development, Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology, 1, 5587–5589.
3. https://en.vikaspedia.in/viewcontent/social-welfare/skill-development/schemes-for-skill-development/short-term-training/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana, Accessed on 16/08/2025.
4. https://www.careerride.com/view.aspx?Id=20691, Accessed on 16/08/2025.
5. National Portal of India www.india.gov.in, Accessed on 30/07/2025.
6. Nehru, R. (n.d.). Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): Effectiveness & Opportunities to Improve. In Shri Vishwakarma Skill University, Shri Vishwakarma Skill University [Report]. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4076810, Accessed on 25/08/2025.
7. Qureshi, Mohd. M. (2020). Entrepreneurship in Modern India: emerging issues and challenges. In Dr. S. K. S. Yadav (Ed.), Entrepreneurship in Modern India: Emerging Issues and Challenges. ANU BOOKS. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349098521, Accessed on 25/07/2025.

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तीव्र औद्योगीकरण, प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का अत्याधिक दोहन और पर्यावरण के लिए हानिकारक सामग्रियों के उपयोग ने पर्यावरण में स्पष्ट व्यवधान उत्पन्न किए हैं जिससे जीवन रक्षक प्रणाली को खतरा पैदा हो गया है। पर्यावरण की रक्षा केवल लोगों में जागरूकता पैदा करके ही की जा सकती है ताकि यह उनकी जीवनशैली का हिस्सा बन जाए। पर्यावरण जागरूकता का अर्थ है पर्यावरण या पर्यावरणीय समस्या के प्रति रुचि प्रदर्शित करना। इसका तात्पर्य न केवल पर्यावरण के बारे में समझ, बल्कि दृष्टिकोण, सिद्धांत और क्षमताएँ भी हैं, जो पर्यावरणीय समस्याओं के समाधान के लिए आवश्यक हैं। इसके अलावा, पर्यावरण जागरूकता नागरिकों में ज़िम्मेदार व्यवहार विकसित करने में भी मदद करती है। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन लिंग और शिक्षण माध्यम के संदर्भ में शासकीय एवं अशासकीय उच्चतर माध्यमिक विद्यालयों में अध्ययनरत ्विद्यार्थियों पर्यावरण जागरूकता का अध्ययन करने का एक प्रयास है। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में वर्णनात्मक शोध पद्धति का उपयोग किया गया है। अध्ययन के लिए ग्वालियर जिले में संचालित शासकीय एवं अशासकीय उच्चतर माध्यमिक विद्यालयों में अध्ययनरत ्कक्षा 11वी के 100 विद्यार्थियों को नमूने के रूप में चुना गया था। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में शोधकर्ता ने यादृच्छिक प्रतिचयन तकनीक का उपयोग किया है। आँकड़ों का विश्लेषण वर्णनात्मक सांख्यिकी जैसे मध्यमान, प्रामाणिक विचलन, स्वतंत्रता अंश, क्रान्तिक अनुपात का प्रयोग किया गया। परिणामों से पता चला कि शासकीय एवं अशासकीय उच्चतर माध्यमिक विद्यालयों में अध्ययनरत ्विद्यार्थियों के पर्यावरण जागरूकता एवं संरक्षण पर किए गए शोध कार्य से स्पष्ट होता है कि शासकीय एवं अशासकीय उच्चतर माध्यमिक स्तर पर अध्ययन कार्य कर रहे छात्र छात्राओं पर्यावरण जागरूकता एवं संरक्षण में कोई अंतर देखने को नहीं मिला। यदि उन्हें सही रूप से मार्गदर्शित किया जाए, तो न केवल वे स्वयं जागरूक हो सकते है बल्कि समाज में भी आवश्यकतानुसार सकारात्मक परिवर्तन कर सकते है।

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औद्योगीकरण, पर्यावरण, जागरूकता, प्राकृतिक संसाधन.

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1. अस्थाना, विपिन (1990) मनोविज्ञान और शिक्षा में मापन एवं मूल्यांकन, विनोद पुस्तक मंदिर, आगरा। 
2. कलीराम; सिंह, वीरेंद्र; रेखा (2012) पर्यावरण शिक्षा, आर. लाल. बुक डिपो, मेरठ।
3. कोठारी, सी. आर. (2011) रिसर्च मैथडोलॉजी, न्यू एज इंटरनेशनल पब्लिकेशन, नई दिल्ली।
4. तोमर, जी. एस. (2017) पर्यावरण शिक्षा, आर. लाल. बुक डिपो, मेरठ।
5. शर्मा, आर. ए. (2009) शिक्षा अनुसंधान के मूल तत्व एवं शोध प्रक्रिया, आर. लाल. बुक डिपो, मेरठ।
6. वरुण, डी. एन. (2012, जून) गोरखपुर जनपद के प्राथमिक विद्यालयों में कार्यरत अध्यापकों की पर्यावरण जागरूकता, भारतीय सामाजिक विज्ञान शोध पत्रिका, (22)2,139-142।

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महिला सशक्तिकरण किसी भी समाज की प्रगति और स्थायित्व का मूल आधार है। जब महिलाएं शिक्षित, आत्मनिर्भर और निर्णय लेने में सक्षम होती है तभी एक संतुलित और समृद्ध समाज का निर्माण संभव होता है। शिक्षा महिला सशक्तिकरण की सबसे प्रभावशाली कुंजी है क्योंकि यह न केवल ज्ञान प्रदान करती है बल्कि आत्मविश्वास, सामाजिक चेतना और आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता का विकास भी करते हैं। शिक्षक इस प्रक्रिया में एक केंद्रीय भूमिका निभाते हैं। वह बालिकाओ को शिक्षा के प्रति प्रेरित करते हैं उनमें आत्मविश्वास और नेतृत्व क्षमता का विकास करते हैं तथा समाज में लैंगिक समानता का संदेश प्रसारित करते हैं। वर्तमान शोध-पत्र में महिला सशक्तिकरण की अवधारणा शिक्षा की भूमिका और शिक्षक के योगदान का विश्लेषण किया गया है साथ ही भारत में महिला शिक्षा से संबंधित नीतियों और योजनाओं का अध्ययन भी किया गया है। अध्ययन से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि शिक्षित महिला न केवल अपने जीवन को सशक्त बनाती है बल्कि अपने परिवार और समाज को भी प्रगतिशील दिशा में अग्रसर करती है अतः शिक्षा और शिक्षक दोनों ही महिला सशक्तिकरण के सशक्त स्तंभ है। 

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महिला सशक्तिकरण, शिक्षा, शिक्षक, लैंगिक समानता, सामाजिक परिवर्तन, आत्मनिर्भरता.

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1. भारत सरकार, मानव संसाधन विकास मंत्रालय, नई शिक्षा नीति 2020।
2. UNESCO (2022) Global Education Monitoring Report: Gender Equality in Education.
3. Nair, N. (2018), Role of Education in women Empowerment, Journal of Social Development Studies, 23(5), 01-04.
4. झारखण्ड शिक्षा परियोजना परिषद् (2023) महिला शिक्षा की प्रगति रिपोर्ट।
5. भारत का संविधान, अनुच्छेद 14-16, 39(a)
6. Government of India (2021) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme Report.
7. Pandey. R. (2017) Empowerment of women through Education in India, Feminist Research, (I), 23-30.
8. UNESCO (2022) Gender Equality and the Role of Teachers in Education.
9. Government of India (2004) Kasturba Gandhi Balika vidyalaya Guidelines.
10. UCZC (2021) Women Empowerment through Higher Education schemes, Government of India, New Delhi.
11. Goverment of India (2019) Status of women, In India Report.
12. NCERT (2022), Gender Equality and Education in Indian Context, New Delhi.
13. A ministry of Women & Child Development (2020) Empowering Women through skill Development Programmes, A ministry of Women & Child Development, New Delhi.
14. Sharma, R. (2022) Teachers Role in Addressing Gender Bias in Education, Journal of Education & Development, 10(2), 45–52. Academic Research Publishers, New Delhi.

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The purpose of this study is to look into how e-commerce is doing in India right now. The foundation of industry development is the use of new, innovative technologies in electronic and IT applications. This is only possible when large-scale, high-quality manufacturing takes place in India and e-commerce supports and enhances the growth of the engineering sector. India must encourage e-commerce in order to enhance rural areas by creating efficient communication channels to map the value of the products manufactured and provide consumers with low-cost goods and services. E-commerce through internet portals has greatly aided the textile garment industry, but in rural India, educational programs must win over consumers. However, the same issues still exist, such as inadequate telecommunications infrastructure, lax legislative prohibitions, a lack of enthusiasm for technology, and a subpar academic curriculum pertaining to e-commerce. According to the article, Government and business organisations should take the appropriate actions to update legal frameworks, develop ICT, and adopt academic curricula based on ICT. Infrastructure and raising human knowledge for the successful application of e-commerce for long-term economic growth.

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 E-commerce, E-business, online banking, Rural India, ICT infrastructure.

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  1. Aggarwal, H. & Jain, S. (2020) E-Commerce in India, E-Commerce India Econ. Leg. Perspect, Sage Publications 36, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343291094_E-Commerce_in_India, Accessed on 06/09/2025.

2. Bansal, R. (2013) Prospects of electronic commerce in India, Journal of Asian Business Strategy, 3(1), 11-20.
3. Chanana, N., & Goele, S. (2012) Future of e-commerce in India, International Journal of Computing & Business Research, 8(1) 424-427.
4. Chatterjee, D. & Ghosal, I. (2014) E-Commerce In India Future And Its Perspective: A Study, International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES), 1(4), 25-31.
5. Ecommerce in India: Drivers and Challenges a The PwC India Proposition (2015, Nov 11) Retrieved from https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/technology/ecommerce-in-india-drivers-andchallenges.pdf, Accessed on 06/09/2025.
6. Gupta, A. (2014) E-Commerce: Role of E-Commerce in today’s business, International Journal of Computing and Corporate Research, 4(1), 1-8. 
7. https://site.paytabs.com/en/6-factors-driving-indian-ecommerce/, Accessed on 04/09/2025.
8. https://startuptalky.com/ecommerce-industry-in-india/, Accessed on 02/09/2025.
9. https://www.ibef.org/industry/ecommerce, Accessed on 01/09/2025.
10. Kalia, P.; Kaur, N. & Singh, (2016) E-Commerce in India: Evolution and Revolution of Online Retail”, in Sinha, A.K. and Dixit, S. (Eds.),E-Retailing Challenges and Opportunities in the Global Marketplace, IGI Global, Hershey, Pennsylvania (USA), p. 99–120, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2741133 
11. Kaur, J. & Jhamb, H. V. (2012) E-commerce in India: Opportunities and Challenges, Review of Knowledge Management, 2(2), 37. 
12. Kumar, A. (2019) E-commerce in India-Challenges and Opportunities, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research, 6(13), 3.
13. Kumar, N. (2018) E–Commerce in India: An Analysis of Present Status, Challenges and Opportunities, International Journal of Management Studies, 5(2), 3. 
14. Kumar, N.; Anusara, J.; Hossin, M. A.; Sarkar, M. K.; Chanthamith, B.; Shah, S. & Russel, M. I. H. (2018) Challenges and opportunities of e-commerce in India: Pathway for sustainable e-commerce, Int. J. Eng. Bus. Manag, 2, 13-21. 
15. Mitra, Abhijit (2013) E-commerce in India- A Review, International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services & Management Research, ISSN 2277- 3622, 2(2), 126-132.
16. Mohapatra, S. & Mohapatra, S. (2013) E-commerce Strategy, Springer, US, p. 155-171.
17. Mukherjee, S. & Michael, H. (2016) Modern Trends, Challenges and Opportunity of E-Commerce in India–An Overview, Challenges and Opportunity of E-Commerce in India–An Overview (June 29, 2016), Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2809027 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2809027, Accessed on 02/09/2025.
18. Ranjan, K. R. (2023) Emerging e-commerce trends in India: Opportunities and challenges. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 5(1), 1-8.
19. Singh, R. K. (2019) E-commerce in India: Opportunities and challenges. In Proceedings of 10th international conference on digital strategies for organizational success, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3315048 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3315048, Accessed on 04/09/2025.
20. The rise and rise of ecommerce in India. (2015, Nov 10) Retrieved from http://www.ibef.org/download/The-Rise-and-Rise-of-E-commercein-India.pdf, Accessed on 06/09/2025.

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Organisations are becoming increasingly aware of the role employees play in achieving and maintaining a competitive advantage. The reality of modern work life is that individuals continually strive to balance their personal and professional lives. The issue of employee mental health and well-being is becoming increasingly crucial, both in terms of the economic costs to the organisation and the human costs to society. This study conducts a comprehensive literature review of the most recent research on workplace changes and their impact on employee mental health and well-being. The author has examined the changes modern workplace technology has brought about in how employees operate. Then, the paper highlights the flexible work arrangements made possible by advancements in technology and their positive and negative impact on employees’ mental health and well-being. Finally, the study’s practical implications are discussed in terms of present and future research directions.

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Workplace Changes, Mental Health, Employee Well-being, Technology, Flexible Work.

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  1. Allen, T. D. & Shockley, K. (2009) Flexible work arrangements: Help or hype? In R. Crane & J. Hill (Eds.), Handbook of families and work: Interdisciplinary perspectives, p. 265–284, University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland.

2. Bloom, N.; Liang, J.; Roberts, J. & Ying, Z. J. (2015) Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 165–218.
3. Bouziri, H.; Smith, D. R.; Descatha, A.; Dab, W. & Jean, K. (2020) Working from home in the time of COVID-19: How to best preserve occupational health?, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 77(7), 509–510.
4. Brougham, D. & Haar, J. (2018) Smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and algorithms (STARA): Employees’ perceptions of our future workplace, Journal of Management & Organization, 24(2), 239–257.
5. Butts, M. M.; Becker, W. J. & Boswell, W. R. (2015) Hot buttons and time sinks: The effects of electronic communication during nonwork time on emotions and work–nonwork conflict, Academy of Management Journal, 58(3), 763–788.
6. Campione, W. (2008) Employed women’s well-being: The global and daily impact of work, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 29(3), 346–361.
7. Carolan, S.; Harris, P. R. & Cavanagh, K. (2017) Improving employee well-being and effectiveness: Systematic review and meta-analysis of web-based psychological interventions delivered in the workplace, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(7), e271.
8. Cox, T.; Griffiths, A. & Rial-Gonzalez, E. (2000) Research on work-related stress, European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Bilbao, Spain.
9. Danna, K. & Griffin, R. W. (1999) Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature, Journal of Management, 25(3), 357–384.
10. Frank, M. R.; Autor, D.; Bessen, J. E.; et al. (2019) Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(14), 6531–6539.
11. Haddon, J. (2018) The impact of employees’ well-being on performance in the workplace, Strategic HR Review, 17(2), 72–75.
12. Harvey, S. B.; Modini, M.; Joyce, S. et al. (2017) Can work make you mentally ill? A systematic meta-review of work-related risk factors for common mental health problems, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 74(4), 301–310.
13. Johnson, A.; Dey, S.; Nguyen, H.; Groth, M.; Joyce, S.; Tan, L. & Harvey, S. B. (2020) A review and agenda for examining how technology-driven changes at work will impact workplace mental health and employee well-being, Australian Journal of Management, 45(3), 402–424.
14. Leka, S. & Jain, A. (2010) Health impact of psychosocial hazards at work: An overview, World Health Organization, New Delhi.
15. Makridakis, S. (2017) The forthcoming artificial intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms, Futures, 90, 46–60.
16. McClure, P. (2018) You’re fired, says the robot: The rise of automation in the workplace, technophobes, and fears of unemployment, Social Science Computer Review, 36(2), 139–156.
17. Modini, M.; Joyce, S.; Mykletun, A.; Christensen, H.; Bryant, R. A.; Mitchell, P. B. & Harvey, S. B. (2016) The mental health benefits of employment: Results of a systematic meta-review, Australasian Psychiatry, 24(4), 331–336.
18. Waddell, G. & Burton, A. K. (2006) Is work good for your health and well-being?, The Stationery Office, Norwich, England.
19. World Health Organization (2007) What is mental health? World Health Organization.
20. Xiao, Y.; Becerik-Gerber, B.; Lucas, G. & Roll, S. C. (2021) Impacts of working from home during COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental well-being of office workstation users, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(3), 181–188.
21. Yang, Y.; Shin, J. C.; Li, D.; et al. (2017) Sedentary behaviour and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis, International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24(4), 481–492.

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राजस्व व्यवस्था किसी भी राज्य की आर्थिक और राजनीतिक संरचना का मूल केन्द्रक मानी जाती है। भारत की राजस्व व्यवस्था का विकास एक लंबी और सतत् प्रक्रिया रही है जो वैदिक काल की ’भेंट और बलि’ की परंपरा से प्रारंभ होकर मौर्यकालीन संगठित प्रशासन और उत्तर-मौर्यकालीन विकेंद्रीकरण तक विकसित हुआ। प्रारंभिक समाजों में कर एक नैतिक एवं धार्मिक दायित्व माना जाता था जो राजा को राजधर्म के अंतर्गत प्रजा की रक्षा एवं कल्याण हेतु अर्पित किया जाता था। समय के साथ जैसे-जैसे राज्य सत्ता का विस्तार हुआ और प्रशासनिक संरचनाएँ विकसित हुई, राजस्व व्यवस्था भी अधिक संगठित, व्यवस्थित एवं विविध आयाम वाली होती चली गई। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में 1500 ई. पूर्व से 185 ई. तक की अवधि को आधार बनाते हुए राजस्व व्यवस्था के स्वरूप, रूपांतरण राजकीय संस्थाओं तथा सामाजिक- आर्थिक प्रभावों का विश्लेषण किया गया है। अध्ययन से स्पष्ट होता है कि प्रारंभिक वैदिक काल में कर प्रणाली धार्मिक व नैतिक कर्तव्य के रूप में थी, जबकि मौर्यकाल में यह संगठित प्रशासनिक संरचना में परिवर्तित हुई। मौर्य काल में विकेंद्रीकरण, भूमि दान और सामंतीकरण के कारण राजस्व नीति की शक्ति क्षीण हुई। यह अध्ययन ऐतिहासिक ग्रंथों, स्रोतों तथा आधुनिक इतिहासकारों के विश्लेषण पर आधारित है, जो राजस्व व्यवस्था को केवल आर्थिक न मानकर, सामाजिक और राजनीतिक यंत्रणा का भी दर्पण मानता है।1

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राजस्व-व्यवस्था, कर नीति, अर्थशास्त्र, मौर्य प्रशासन, वैदिक काल.

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  1. कौटिल्य (1969) अर्थशास्त्र, संपा. आर, शमशास्त्री, संस्कृत अकादमी, दिल्ली।

2. ऋग्वेद संहिता मंडल 10, सूक्त 173, संपा॰ मैक्समूलर, ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, नई दिल्ली।
3. ऋग्वेद 10.173।
4. घोषाल, यू. एन. (1929) हिन्दू रेवेन्यू सिस्टम, सारस्वत लाइब्रेरी, कलकत्ता, (इन्टरनेट अर्काइव्स से प्राप्त), पृ. 7, 8।
5. थापर, रोमिला (2002) अशोक और मौर्य साम्राज्य, ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 96।
6. शतपथ ब्राह्मण, अध्याय-5 खण्ड-2।
7. Majumdar, R. (1951) History and culture of the Indian People, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan, Delhi,   Vol-I, p. 155-160.
8. सहाय, शिवस्वरूप (2020) प्राचीन भारत, मोतीलाल बनारसीदास, दिल्ली, पृ. 404-405।
9. Lallanji, Gopal (1965-1966) Economic life of Northern India, Motilal Banarasidass, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi.
10. मजुमदार, रमेशचन्द्र (2019) प्राचीन भारत, मोतीलाल बनारसीदास दिल्ली, पृ. 404-405।
11. भार्गव, वी.ए. (2011) प्राचीन भारतीय इतिहास, रिसर्च पब्लिकेशन जयपुर, पृ. 174 एवं सहाय, शिवस्वरूप (2020) प्राचीन भारत का सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक इतिहास, मोतीलाल बनारसीदास, दिल्ली, पृ. 456।
12. कुमार, नवीन (2011) प्राचीन भारत का सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक इतिहास, राजकमल प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली,      पृ. 260-261।
13. उदगाँवकर, पद्मा भालचन्द्र (1998) पॉलिटिक्स इन्स्टीट्यूटशंस एण्ड एडमिनिस्ट्रेशन, मोतीलाल बनारसीदास, दिल्ली, पृ. 176।
14. शुक्रनीतिसार, 4/2/241 एवं कुमार नवीन (2011) पूर्वाेक्त, पृ. 261-262।
15. विद्यालंकार, सत्यकेतु (2020) प्राचीन भारतीय इतिहास का वैदिक युग, श्री सरस्वती सदन, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 239-40।
16. प्रसाद, ओमप्रकाश एवं गौरव, प्रशान्त (2011) प्राचीन भारत का सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक इतिहास, राजकमल प्रकाशन प्रा. लि., नई दिल्ली, पृ. 232।
17. कुमार, नवीन (2011) पूर्वाेक्त, पृ. 267।
18. शर्मा, आर.एस. (1969) प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास, राजकमल प्रकाशन, दिल्ली पृ. 210 एवं थापर, रोमिला (2002) अशोक और मौर्य साम्राज्य, ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 205-206।

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The condition of incarcerated women is very miserable around the globe. Therefore, it is the prime object of the United Nations Organisation and its subsidiary organisations viz. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and Commission on the Status of Women, and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, to prepare various international binding conventions for the protection of incarcerated women undergone their imprisonment in various countries. The main propose of this paper is to critically examine the impact of various documents adopted by the United Nations and its allied agencies for the better protection of human rights of incarcerated women and to find out the key hurdles faces for their implementation world-wide.

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Incarcerated Women, Human Rights, The Tokyo Rules, The United Nations, The Bangkok Rules, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

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  1. International Law Handbook Vol.1, United Nations, NY, 2017, p.349.

2. SMRs-1955, Sep. 17, 2025, 09:15PM, www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform, Accessed on 07/09/2025.
3. Id.
4. Id.
5. Id.
6. Id.
7. Id.
8. Id.
9. Id.
10. Id.
11. Id.
12. Id.
13. Id.
14. Id.
15. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, www.hrw.org, Accessed on 12/09/2025, 09:15PM. 
16. Id.
17. Id.
18. Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners-1990, www.eods.eu, Accessed on 12/09/2025, 09:20PM. 
19. Id.
20. Id
21. http://css.unodc.org, Accessed on 08/09/2025.
22 United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners-2010, www.unodc.org, Accessed on 12/09/2025, 09:10PM. 
23. Id.
24. Id.
25. Id.
26. Id.
27. Id.
28. Id.
29. Id.
30. Id.
31. Id.
32. Id.
33. Id.
34. Id.
35. Id.
36. Id.
37. United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners-2010, www.unodc.org, Accessed on 12/09/2025, 09:10PM. 
38. Id.
39. Id.
40. Id.

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The anti-defection law in India, introduced through the 52nd Constitutional Amendment in 1985 by incorporating the Tenth Schedule, represents a pivotal effort to address political instability caused by frequent defections of legislators. Political defection, popularly termed “floor crossing,” had undermined democratic stability, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, when opportunistic party switching led to frequent Government collapses. By disqualifying members who resign from their party or defy party whips, the law aims to ensure political stability, strengthen party cohesion, and safeguard the mandate of the electorate. While the law has been instrumental in curbing large-scale defections and ensuring continuity in governance, it has also generated substantial debate. Supporters view it as a safeguard against corruption and opportunism, whereas critics argue it curtails legislators’ freedom of speech, stifles dissent and transforms representative bodies into mere extensions of party leadership. Judicial interventions, particularly landmark rulings, have played a crucial role in interpreting the scope of the law, reinforcing checks and balances, and addressing ambiguities. Despite these safeguards, challenges persist. The concentration of adjudicatory power in the office of the Speaker or Chairman has raised concerns of partisan bias, while delays in judicial review prolong political uncertainty. Additionally, the law has been criticized for encouraging excessive party centralization, thereby weakening legislative debate and oversight. Comparative perspectives from countries like the UK, USA, Sri Lanka, and South Africa highlight the global tension between promoting political stability and preserving legislative independence. This paper argues that reforms, such as independent tribunals for adjudication, statutory deadlines for defection cases, and limited scope for dissent within party lines, are necessary to enhance fairness and democratic integrity. Hence, while the anti-defection law has reduced instability, its success depends on balancing stability with representative freedom, thereby strengthening India’s parliamentary democracy.

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Anti-Defection Law, Tenth Schedule, Political Stability, Democratic Integrity, Floor Crossing, Party Cohesion.

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  1. Raikar, Shilpa A. (2023) Emergence of Anti-Defection Law in India, 2023 Indian J. Applied Rsch. 50, https://doi.org/10.36106/ijar/3609608, 13(9), 50–52.

2. Id.
3. Singh, Kourav Kushagra (2021) Preventing Defection in India, Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Legal Research, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5810470. 
4. Id. 
5. Kashyap, Subhash C. (1992) Anti-defection law and parliamentary privileges (2d ed. 2003), 6 (1992) AIR 1993 SC 412. 
7. (2007) 3 SCC 184. 
8. (2010) 5 SCC 1. 
9. (2012) 3 SCC 619. 
10. Guruvayurappan, Darsan (2021) Rethinking Defection: An Analysis of Anti-defection Laws in India, Parliamentary Affs., 76(2), https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsab054.
11. Prashant, Bhadu (2024) Anti-Defection Laws in India: (A) Political Game?, 11 Int’l J. Acad. Rsch. 11(3), 112–122, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13982999.
12. Supra note 9. 
 

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The global discourse on disability has undergone a profound shift from the medical and charitable models to the social and human rights-based model, crystallized in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). India, home to a significant population of persons with disabilities, signalled its commitment to this paradigm by ratifying the UNCRPD and enacting the transformative Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act in 2016. This article provides a critical analysis of the evolution and current state of disability rights in India. It begins by tracing the legislative journey from pre-independence paternalism to the rights-based RPWD Act, highlighting its progressive features, including an expanded definition of disability and mandates for inclusion. The analysis then critically examines the chasm between the law’s promise and its implementation, pinpointing barriers such as attitudinal stigma, inaccessible infrastructure, and inadequate funding. Through a comparative lens, the article juxtaposes India’s framework with the anti-discrimination model of the United States (Americans with Disabilities Act), the public sector duty model of the United Kingdom (Equality Act), and the constitutional approach of Kenya. The comparison reveals that while India’s de jure framework is robust, its de fact effectiveness is hampered by weaker enforcement mechanisms compared to its global counterparts. The article concludes that transcending this implementation gap requires a concerted strategy focused on stringent enforcement, attitudinal change, and sufficient financial commitment to realize the constitutional promise of equality for all citizens.

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Disability Rights, UNCRPD, RPWD Act 2016, Comparative Disability Law, Implementation Gap, Social Model.

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  1. Shakespeare, T. (2006) Disability Rights and Wrongs, Routledge, London.

2. Oliver, M. (1990) The Politics of Disablement, Macmillan Education, Basingstoke.
3. Ghai, A. (2015) Rethinking Disability in India, Routledge, New Delhi.
4. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (2001) The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995, Government of India, New  Delhi.
5. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, No. 49, Acts of Parliament, 2016 (India) Section 2(zc).
6. Dhanda, A. (2017) Legal Capacity in the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016: The Power of Certainty, Indian Law Review, 1(3), 255-274.
7. Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA) (2021) Analysis of Budget Allocation for Persons with Disabilities in India, Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA),  New Delhi.
8. Human Rights Watch (2018) India: Time to End Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities, Human Rights Watch, New York.
9. National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People (NCPEDP) (2022) *Status of Disability in India Report, National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People (NCPEDP), New Delhi.
10. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.
11. Equality Act 2010, c. 15. (UK)
12. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010. Article 54.

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 Tribal literature produced by Indigenous, Adivasi, and tribal communities embodies oral tradition, cultural resistance, and unique storytelling forms. This paper explores how tribal literature gives voice to communities historically silenced or marginalized by dominant cultural, political, and literary institutions. It examines the thematic concerns, linguistic politics, and aesthetic structures of tribal texts across global regions, particularly focusing on India, the Americas, and Africa. Using frameworks from postcolonial and subaltern studies, the analysis foregrounds how tribal authors preserve oral traditions, contest erasure, and create spaces for decolonized literary expression. The study also highlights the challenges tribal authors face in terms of publishing, translation, and recognition, and concludes by asserting the transformative power of tribal literature as a vibrant site of resistance, memory and identity.

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Tribal, Culture, Traditions, Literature, Community.

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  1. Bama (2000) Karukku, Translated by Lakshmi Holmström, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

2. Bhabha, Homi K. (1994) The Location of Culture, Routledge, London and New York.
3. Devi, Mahasweta (2002) Draupadi, Translated by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Seagull Books, Kolkata.
4. Devy, G. N. (2006) A Nomad Called Thief: Reflections on Adivasi Silence, Orient BlackSwan, Hyderabad.
5. Gandhi, Leela (1998) Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction, Columbia University Press, New York.
6. Harjo, Joy (2019) An American Sunrise: Poems, W. W. Norton, New York.
7. Limbale, Sharan Kumar (2003) The Outcaste: Akkarmashi, Translated by Santosh Bhoomkar, Oxford University Press,  New Delhi.
8. Mehrotra, Arvind Krishna, editor (2008) A Concise History of Indian Literature in English, Permanent Black, Ranikhet.
9. NgugiwaThiong’o (1986) Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature, Heinemann, London.
10. Okorafor, Nnedi (2010) Who Fears Death, DAW Books, New York.
11. Silko, Leslie Marmon (2006) Ceremony, Penguin Books, New York.
12. Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (199) Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples, Zed Books, London.
13. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1994) Can the Subaltern Speak? Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory, edited by Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, Columbia University Press, New York, p. 66–111.

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बेरोजगारी वह दशा है जिसमें शारीरिक व मानसिक रूप से स्वस्थ एवं समर्थ व्यक्ति को, जो कार्य करने की इच्छा रखता है प्रचलित मजदूरी दर पर कार्य नहीं मिलता। ग्रामीण विकास मंत्रालय भारत सरकार द्वारा कार्यान्वित महात्मा गाँधी राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोजगार गारंटी अधिनियम (मनरेगा), सरकार का एक प्रमुख कार्यक्रम है जो सीधे गरीबों के जीवन से जुड़ा है तथा समावेशी विकास को बढ़ावा देता है। इस अधिनियम का उद्देश्य देश के ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में लोगों की आजीविका सुरक्षा को पुष्ट करने के लिए एक वित्त वर्ष में ऐसे प्रत्येक परिवार को कम से कम 100 दिन का गारंटीयुक्त मजदूरी रोजगार उपलब्ध कराना है जिसके वयस्क सदस्य अकुशल शारीरिक कार्य करने को स्वेच्छा से तैयार हों। यह अधिनियम पहले चरण में 2 फरवरी 2006 से 200 जिलों में अधिसूचित किया गया था और वित्त वर्ष 2007-08 में इसे 130 और जिलों पर लागू किया गया था। इस अधिनियम को 1 अप्रैल, 2008 से पूरे देश में अधिसूचित कर दिया गया। मनरेगा दुनियाँ का ऐसा पहला कानून है जिसमें व्यापक पैमाने पर मजदूरी रोजगार की गारंटी दी गई है। अधिनियम का प्राथमिक उद्देश्य मजदूरी रोजगार बढ़ाना है। इसका सहायक उद्देश्य उन कार्यों के माध्यम से प्राकृतिक संसाधन प्रबंधन को सुदृढ़ बनाना है जो सूखा, वनों की कटाई तथा मृदाक्षरण जैसे स्थायी गरीबी के कारणों को दूर करते हैं तथा स्थायी विकास को बढ़ावा देते हों। इस प्रक्रिया से लोकतंत्र का आधार सुदृढ़ होता है और शासन में पारदर्शिता तथा जवाबदेही आती है। प्रस्तुत शोध अध्ययन का क्षेत्र छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य के उत्तर-पूर्व में अवस्थित आदिवासी बाहुल्य सरगुजा जिला हैं। अम्बिकापुर विकासखण्ड़ के 5 ग्राम पंचायतों के कुल 100 उत्तरदाताओं का चयन कर शोध कार्य पूर्ण किया गया है।

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रोजगार, मनरेगा, जॉब कार्ड, बेरोजगारी, मजदूरी, पलायन.

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  1. मामोरिया, चर्तुभुज एवं जैन, एस. सी. (2012) भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था, साहित्य भवन पब्लिकेशन, आगरा, पृ. 478।

2. ताराचन्द (2015) सामान्य अध्ययन, पेपर 1, 2015, मैकग्रा हिल एजूकेशन इंडिया प्रायवेट लिमिटेड, न्यू दिल्ली, पृ. 79।
3. राष्ट्रीय रोजगार गारंटी अधिनियम (2005) दिशा निर्देश 2006, दूसरा संस्करण, ग्रामीण विकास मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 3।
4. शर्मा, वीरेन्द्र प्रकाश (2011) रिसर्च मेथडॉलॉजी, छठा संस्करण, पंचशील प्रकाशन, जयपुर, पृ. 166।
5. http://5-https//nregastrep.nic.in/netnrega/citizen_html/demregister.aspx?lflag=eng&page=B &state_name=CHHATTISGARH&state_code=33&district_name=SURGUJA&district_code=3305& block_name=AMBIKAPUR&block_code=3305001&fin_year=2023-2024&source%20=& Digest=aXadLgkYUY68O7l0MS3Igw/, Accessed on 05/09/2025.

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आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजेंस या ए आई के कारण पिछले कुछ वर्षों में मानवीय जीवन और समाज में क्रांतिकारी परिवर्तन हुआ है। आर्थिक क्षेत्र, स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं, कृषि कार्य, व्यापार, शिक्षा, न्यायपालिका, साइबर सुरक्षा जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में ए आई के व्यावहारिक अनुप्रयोग का प्रभाव मानवता एवं समाज पर दृष्टिगत हो रहा है, और साथ ही विभिन्न प्रकार की नैतिक चिंताएं भी उभर कर सामने आई हैं, जिनका समाधान किए बिना इन प्रणालियों का व्यावहारिक अनुप्रयोग मानवता एवं समाज के लिए हानिकारक सिद्ध होगा। प्रस्तुत पत्र में निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों पर विचार किया है। एथिकल ए आई या नैतिक ए आई क्या है। एथिकल ए आई की आवश्यकता क्यों है, ए आई के समक्ष कौन-कौन सी नैतिक चुनौतियाँ है, एथिकल ए आई को स्थापित करने के लिए कौन-कौन से सिद्धांत है। इस शोध पत्र में एथिकल ए आई मे समक्ष नैतिक चुनौतियों पर विस्तृत विमर्श किया गया है।

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कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता, जिम्मेवार ए आई, नैतिक मुद्दें, एथिकल ए आई (नैतिक ए आई).

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  1. Kumar, Kumod; Nath, Priya (2025) Role of AI in CSR, Bloomsbury Publishing India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, p. 1.

2. Changwu,  Huang; Xin, Yao (2023) An overview of Artificial Intelligence Ethics, IEEE Transaction an Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2023, p. 799.
3. Morby, A (2016) Tesla driver killed in first fatal crash using autopilot, Online Available: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/01/tesla-driver-killed-car crash-news- driverless-car (autopilot)/, Accessed on 10/02/2022.
4. Keng, Siaw; Weiyu, Wang (2020) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Ethics: Ethics of AI and Ethical AI, Journal of Database Management, Vol. 31, Issue 2, April-June 2020, p. 2.
5. Changwu, Huang; Xin, Yao (2023) An overview of Artificial Intelligence Ethics, IEEE transaction an Artificial Intelligence, 4(4), August 2023, 799.
6. Kumar, Kumod; Nath, Priya (2025)  Role of AI in CSR, Bloomsbury Publishing India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, p. 119.
7. Keng, Siaw; Weiyu, Wang (2020) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Ethics: Ethics of AI and Ethical AI, Journal of Database Management, Vol. 31, Issue 2. April-June 2020, p. 3.

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शोध अध्ययन ग्वालियर जिले के समस्त विकासखण्डों के शहरी और ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में स्थित शासकीय माध्यमिक विद्यालयों की कक्षा 8 वीं में अध्ययनरत बालिकाओं की, शैक्षिक रुचि पर बालिका शिक्षा प्रोत्साहन योजनाओं (विशेषकर निःशुल्क गणवेश वितरण एवं निःशुल्क पाठ्यपुस्तक वितरण) के प्रभाव का मूल्यांकन करने हेतु किया गया। वर्तमान शोध समस्या का अध्ययन बालिकाओं (छात्राओं) के सन्दर्भ में किया गया, जिसके अंतर्गत यह जानने का प्रयास किया गया कि क्या यह योजनाएं बालिकाओं की शैक्षिक रुचि को सार्थक रूप से प्रभावित कर रही है? या यह केवल नामांकन दर में वृद्धि तक सीमित है? शोध विधि का स्वरूप वर्णनात्मक, सर्वेक्षण एवं तुलनात्मक विधि था और न्यादर्श के रूप में शहरी और ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों से क्रमशः 187 तथा 190, इस प्रकार कुल (187+190)= 377 बालिकाओं का चयन स्तरीकृत नमूना पद्धति और सरल यादृच्छिक नमूना पद्धति द्वारा किया गया। प्राथमिक आंकड़ों के संकलन हेतु स्वनिर्मित शैक्षिक विषयों से संबंधित रुचि प्रपत्र का प्रयोग शोध उपकरण के रूप में किया। group statistics Levene's Test for equality of variance, एवं स्वतंत्र नमूना टी-परीक्षण का प्रयोग सांख्यिकीय विश्लेषण हेतु किया गया। प्राप्त परिणामों से ज्ञात हुआ - शहरी बालिकाओं का औसत शैक्षिक रुचि स्कोर (M = 23.35, SD = 3.73) और ग्रामीण बालिकाओं का (M= 22.92, SD= 3.67) प्राप्त हुआ । यद्यपि, शहरी बालिकाओं की औसत शैक्षिक रुचि स्कोर ग्रामीण बालिकाओं की अपेक्षा अधिक है परंतु सांख्यिकी महत्व की दृष्टि से sig. (2 tailed test) p = 0.252 प्राप्त हुआ, जो 0.05 से अधिक हैं । जो इस बात की पुष्टि करता है कि, शहरी एवं ग्रामीण बालिकाओं की औसत शैक्षिक रुचि स्कोर में कोई सांख्यिकीय रूप से सार्थक अंतर नहीं है क्योंकि ( p = 0.252 > 0.05)। अतः निष्कर्ष रूप में कहा जा सकता है कि प्रोत्साहन योजनाओं का प्रभाव दोनों (शहरी और ग्रामीण) क्षेत्रों की बालिकाओं की शैक्षिक रुचि पर समान रूप और समान स्तर की है।

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बालिका शिक्षा, शैक्षिक रुचि, प्रोत्साहन योजनाएँ, निःशुल्क गणवेश वितरण, निःशुल्क पाठ्यपुस्तक, शहरी एवं ग्रामीण क्षेत्र.

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  1. Best, J. W. & Kahn, J.V. (2016) Research in Education, Pearson Education, London.

2. Government of Madhya Pradesh (2023) Balika Shiksha Protsahan Yojana, Guidelines, School Education Department, Bhopal.
3. Kothari, C.R. (2014) Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New Age International Publishers, 3rd edition, New Delhi.
4. NCERT (2022) Annual Report on Girls Education in India, https://www.education.gov.in/en/annual-report-2022-23-ncert-english, Accessed on 10/06/2025.
5. Sharma, R.A. (2019) Educational Research and Statistics, R. Lall Book Depot, Meerut.
6. UNESCO/UNICEF reports on girls education for general policy continue, Unicef https://share.google/jmRao8k66pGpXW0vs, Accessed on 02/06/2025.
 

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Today every industry is calling for their employees to develop new skill & be multi-tasking due to the dynamic change in technology. Every state must prepare its Technical Education Institute to provide the updated required skills for the new industrial development. Generally technological ideas and industry-related practical skills. It is a crucial component that creates future quality employees. It serves as a link between industry and education. Furthermore the present research has demonstrated that has various advantages. Therefore, it is vitally important to measure Technical Education academics awareness and perceptions to ascertain the enrollment and how to direct rural students towards technical studies. In this study, a qualitative approach, such as an in-depth interview, survey is employed to discover the awareness of Polytechnic studies, opinion and preparation of the students.

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Technical Education, Khairagarh, Rural, Engineering, Student.

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  1. Parsizadeh, F. & Ghafory Ashtiany, M. (2010) Iran public education and awareness program and its achievements, Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 19(1), 32-47.

2. Pietrapertosa, F.; Tancredi, M.; Salvia, M.; Proto, M.; Pepe, A.; Giordano, M.; ... & Cosmi, C. (2021) An educational awareness program to reduce energy consumption in schools, Journal of cleaner production, 278, 123949.
3. Oviawe, J. I. (2017) Fostering students’ enrolment in technical education programme through career guidance and occupational awareness, Education Journal, 6(4), 125-132.
4. Seyi, D. (2014) An overview of vocational and technical education in Nigeria under secondary school education system, International journal of technology enhancements and emerging engineering research, 2(6), 119-122.
5. Patel, V.; Chaudhary, N. & Vidani, C. J. (2023) A Study on Awareness of Various Non-Technical Training Programmes Conducted by Corporate Trainers for IT Companies in Ahmedabad, International Journal of Management Analytics (IJMA), 1(1), 111-132.
6. Lynch, R. L. (2000) New directions for high school career and technical education in the 21st century (No. 384) ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education, Center on Education and Training for Employment, College of Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
7. Ibuathu, C. N. & Kubaison, T. S. (2013) The impact of vocational training for rural development: A case study of youth polytechnics in Nyambene District, Kenya, International Journal of Social Sciences and Entrepreneurship, 1 (5), 487-508. 
8. Ongolo, J. H. (1983) Impact of the Village Polytechnic Programme on Employment and Rural Development, Doctoral dissertation, Univesity of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
9. Simiyu, A. (2003) Promoting Technical Education for Self-Reliance A Case Study of Chaminade Training Centre (CTC) Mukuru Slum, Tangaza University College, Kenya.
10. Mishra, A. K. (1994) The Development of Technical and Vocational Education in India—A Case Study in Quality Improvement. Case Studies on Technical and Vocational Education in Asia and the Pacific, RMIT for UNESCO Australia. ISBN-1-86272-448-2
11. Prasolova-Forland, E. (2002, August) Supporting awareness in education: overview and mechanisms. In proceedings of ICEE, International Conference on Engineering Education August 18–21, 2002, Manchester, U.K.
12. Mohammed, S. & Apeh, E. (2016, December) A model for social engineering awareness program for schools. In 2016 10th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management & Applications (SKIMA), p. 392-397, IEEE.

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किसी भी व्यक्ति, परिवार या समाज के जीने का तरीका जो उनके शारीरिक, मनोवैज्ञानिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक वातावरण के जीवन में दिन -प्रतिदिन परिलक्षित हो, जीवन- शैली कहलाता है। जीवन- शैली न केवल काम, बल्कि व्यक्ति, व्यक्तित्व, आराम के तरीके,उसकी आदते, उसके विचार, उसके काम करने के तरीको में भी दिखाई देती है। यह व्यक्ति के स्वयं के व्यक्तित्व और विचारधारा में भी दिखाई देता है। व्यक्ति के ऊपर समाज, उसके संस्कार, परिवार आदि का प्रभाव परिलक्षित होता है। व्यक्ति की जीवन-शैली भी उसके परिवार, उसके मानसिक स्वास्थ्य आदि पर गहरा प्रभाव स्थापित करता है। व्यक्ति की जीवन शैली और मानसिक स्वास्थ्य वस्तुतः एक दुसरे से समबन्धित है। यदि व्यक्ति की जीवन शैली अच्छी होगी, तो व्यक्ति अपने जीवन में अनेक रोगों से बच सकते है। व्यक्ति का अपने जीवनकाल में अर्थात् शिशु अवस्था से वृद्धाव्स्था तक निरंतर शारीरिक परिवर्तन होते रहते है। इस दौरांन मानसिक स्तर व शरीर में में हार्माेन परिवर्तन भी होते है, जो व्यक्ति की जीवन शैली को प्रभावित करते है। भारतीय जीवन शैली, जो अपनी समृद्ध सांस्कृतिक विरासत और आध्यात्मिक परंपराओं में निहित है, मानसिक कल्याण को बढ़ावा देने में अद्वितीय अंर्तदृष्टि प्रदान करती है। इस व्यवस्थित समीक्षा का उद्देश्य भारतीय संस्कृति और मानसिक स्वास्थ्य के बीच संबंधों पर मौजूदा साहित्य को संश्लेषित करना है। विभिन्न डेटाबेस से सहकर्मी-समीक्षित लेखों, पुस्तकों और रिपोर्टों की व्यापक खोज की गई। समीक्षा मानसिक कल्याण पर योग, ध्यान और आयुर्वेद जैसी पारंपरिक भारतीय प्रथाओं के सकारात्मक योगदान पर प्रकाश डालती है। हालाँकि, सामाजिक अपेक्षाएँ, पारिवारिक दबाव और मानसिक बीमारी से जुड़ा कलंक महत्वपूर्ण चुनौतियाँ बनकर उभरता है। आधुनिक मानसिक स्वास्थ्य दृष्टिकोण के साथ पारंपरिक प्रथाओं के एकीकरण की सिफारिश की जाती है। मानसिक स्वास्थ्य पेशेवरों के लिए सांस्कृतिक संवेदनशीलता प्रशिक्षण और जागरूकता अभियान कलंक को संबोधित कर सकते हैं। समीक्षा भारत में मानसिक स्वास्थ्य को बढ़ावा देने के लिए सामाजिक अपेक्षाओं और कलंक को दूर करने के महत्व को रेखांकित करती है।

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मानसिक स्वास्थ्य, शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य, भारतीय जीवन शैली, पारंपरिक प्रथाएँ.

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  1. शर्मा, ए.; कुमार, एस. और सिंह, आर. (2017) योग और ध्यान का तनाव और चिंता पर प्रभाव, जर्नल ऑफ क्लिनिकल साइकोलॉजी, 73(1), 15-24।

2. वॉरियर, एम. (2018) आयुर्वेद और मानसिक स्वास्थ्य, जर्नल ऑफ आयुर्वेद एंड इंटीग्रेटिव मेडिसिन, 9(2), 67-74।
3. सेठी, एस. (2017) आध्यात्मिकता और मानसिक स्वास्थ्य, जर्नल ऑफ स्पिरिटुअलिटी एंड मेंटल हेल्थ, 19(2), 143-155।
4. कुमार, एस.; कुमार, ए. और श्रीवास्तव, ए. (2013) पारिवारिक और सामाजिक समर्थन का मानसिक स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव, जर्नल ऑफ क्लिनिकल साइकोलॉजी, 69(2), 155-164।
5. मेहरोत्रा, एन.; श्रीवास्तव, ए. और कुमार, एस. (2018) सामाजिक अपेक्षाएं और लैंगिक भूमिकाएं मानसिक स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव, जर्नल ऑफ सोशल साइंस रिसर्च, 14(2), 1-12।
6. गुप्ता, एस.; कुमार, ए. और श्रीवास्तव, ए. (2019) शहरीकरण और मानसिक स्वास्थ्य एक विश्लेषण, जर्नल ऑफ अर्बन हेल्थ, 96(2), 149-158।
7. श्रीवास्तव, ए. के. (1999) मैनेजमेंट एंड ऑक्यूपेशनल स्ट्रेस (थ्योरी एंड प्रेक्टिस), ज्ञान पब्लिशिंग हाउस, नई दिल्ली।

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Amitav Ghosh is one of the most important writers in modern English literature. His novels combine history, culture, politics, and imagination in a powerful way. This article explores how Ghosh uses storytelling to connect the past with the present, and how he gives voice to people and places often forgotten in mainstream history. His fiction travels across continents, languages and time periods, showing the deep links between colonialism, migration and identity. Through works like The Shadow Lines, The Glass Palace, and The Ibis Trilogy, Ghosh proves that fiction can be both beautiful and meaningful. This study highlights his unique style, his concern for global issues and his role as a literary bridge between East and West.

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Amitav Ghosh, Postcolonial Fiction, Historical Narrative, Cultural Identity, Colonialism and Migration, Indian English Literature.

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  1. Barat, Urbashi (2001) Time in The Shadow Lines, The Fiction of Amitav Ghosh. ed.by Indira Bhatt and Indira Nityanandam, Creative Books, New Delhi, p. 44.

2. Dutta, Pradip (199) A Voice among Bullet Holes: The Circle of Reason, The Novel of Amitav Ghosh. Edited by R.K.Dhawan, Prestige Books, New Delhi.
3. Ghosh, Amitav (1986) The Circle of Reason, Hamish Hamilton Publication, London, p. 55.
4. Ghosh, Amitav (1986) The Circle of Reason, Hamish Hamilton Ltd., London. p. 11.
5. Ghosh, Amitav (1995) The Shadow Lines, Penguin Modern Classics, Delhi. p. 218.
6. Gupta, Pallavi (2001) Private History, Individual Memory and the Amateur Historian: A Study of the Shadow Lines, The Fiction of Amitav Ghosh. ed. Indira Bhatt and Indira Nityanandam, Creative Books, New Delhi, p. 76.

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वर्तमान शोध का उद्देश्य पारंपरिक एवं मिश्रित शिक्षण पद्धति के प्रभाव की तुलना करना था, विशेष रूप से यह जानने के लिए कि विज्ञान विषय में विद्यार्थियों की उपलब्धि लिंग के आधार पर किस प्रकार भिन्न होती है। इस अध्ययन में 306 माध्यमिक स्तर के विद्यार्थियों (153 बालक एवं 153 बालिकाएँ) को सम्मिलित किया गया। अध्ययन के लिए अर्ध-प्रायोगिक अनुसंधान रूपरेखा (Pre-test, Post-test, Non-equivalent Group Design) अपनाई गई। विद्यार्थियों को दो समूहों में बाँटा गया, एक को पारंपरिक शिक्षण एवं दूसरे को मिश्रित शिक्षण पद्धति से पढ़ाया गया। शिक्षण से पूर्व तथा पश्चात् विद्यार्थियों की उपलब्धि का मापन “विज्ञान उपलब्धि परीक्षण” के माध्यम से किया गया। आँकड़ों के विश्लेषण हेतु Welch ANOVA का प्रयोग किया गया क्योंकि Levene’s Test से त्रुटि-विचरण समान नहीं पाया गया। परिणामों से ज्ञात हुआ कि मिश्रित शिक्षण पद्धति से अध्ययन करने वाले विद्यार्थियों की विज्ञान विषय में उपलब्धि पारंपरिक शिक्षण पद्धति की अपेक्षा अधिक रही। लिंग के आधार पर भी कुछ अंतर पाया गया, परंतु शिक्षण पद्धति का प्रभाव अधिक महत्वपूर्ण सिद्ध हुआ। अध्ययन से यह निष्कर्ष निकला कि मिश्रित शिक्षण पद्धति विज्ञान विषय के अध्यापन को अधिक प्रभावी एवं रुचिकर बनाती है।

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मिश्रित शिक्षण, पारंपरिक शिक्षण, विज्ञान उपलब्धि, लिंग, माध्यमिक विद्यार्थी.

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  1. Ary, D.; Jacobs, L. C. & Razavieh, A. (2010) Introduction to Research in Education, (8th ed.), Cengage Learning, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Boston, USA.

2. Best, J. W. & Kahn, J. V. (2014) Research in Education (10th ed.) Pearson Education, Hoboken, New Jersey.
3. Cohen, L.; Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2018) Research Methods in Education (8th ed.), Routledge, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
4. Koul, L. (2018) Methodology of Educational Research, (4th ed.) Vikas Publishing House, Noida.
5. Kerlinger, F. N. (1986) Foundations of Behavioral Research (3rd ed.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Orlando, Florida 32887, USA.
6. Singh, R. (2021) Effectiveness of Blended Learning in Science Education at Secondary Level, Indian Journal of Education and Psychology, 45(3), 112–120.
7. Kumar, S. & Sharma, P. (2019) Impact of ICT-Based Blended Teaching on Students’ Achievement and Attitude Towards Science, Educational Review, 27(2), 56–63.
8. Ministry of Education (2020) National Education Policy 2020, Government of India, New Delhi.
9. NCERT (2022) Blended Learning Framework: A Guide for Schools. New Delhi: NCERT. Retrieved from https://ncert.nic.in, Accessed on 12/07/2025.
10. Mishra, S., & Jena, P. C. (2020) Blended Learning Approach in School Education: Concept and Practice, Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 9(4), 85–94.

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The year 2000 saw the creation of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Uttarakhand as separate states carved out of larger predecessors. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of their economic development from 2000 to 2018. Using an array of indicators – including Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) growth, per capita income, sectoral composition, and human development metrics. The study conducts a comparative trend analysis of the three states. Government data from official sources (Reserve Bank of India, Planning Commission/NITI Aayog, Economic Surveys, Census, etc.) form the empirical basis. The findings reveal divergent trajectories: Uttarakhand experienced remarkably rapid economic growth, leveraging industrial incentives and central funding, whereas Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand showed moderate growth with periodic fluctuations. All three states achieved improvements in indicators like literacy and per capita income, yet stark differences persist. Uttarakhand’s per capita income and social development indices now surpass the national average, while Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand continue to grapple with higher levels of poverty and infrastructural challenges. The paper discusses factors underlying these outcomes from natural resource endowments to governance and policy interventions and identifies common challenges such as regional disparities and inclusive growth. It concludes with policy recommendations aimed at sustaining progress and addressing development gaps in these states.

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Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Economic Growth, Human Development.

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  1. Centre for Economic Data and Analysis (CEDA), (2021) HDI: How states fare in human development. Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana.

2. Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister. (2024) Relative economic performance of Indian states: 1960–61 to 2023–24 (Working paper by S. Sanyal & A. Arora) Government of India, https://eacpm.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/State-GDP-Working- Paper_Final_240916_190207.pdf, Access on 10/08/2025.
3. Firth, J. & Liu, E. (2018) Manufacturing underdevelopment: India’s Freight Equalization Scheme and the long-run effects of distortions on the geography of production, Working paper, Access on 10/08/2025.
4. Government of India, National Portal (2020) Profile: Literacy (India Book 2020 data) (Link - https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/literacy.php & Access on 10/08/2025,
5. NITI Aayog (2021) National Multidimensional Poverty Index: Baseline report, NITI Aayog, New Delhi.
6. Indian Express (2025, April 27) More than 7% migrating for jobs: Bihar’s palayan (migration) issue.
7. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India (2011) Population Census 2011: Rural–urban distribution, Government of India, New Delhi.
8. Reserve Bank of India (2024) Handbook of statistics on Indian states 2023–24, RBI, Mumbai.
9. Roy, E. (2013) Economic and regional disparity: The journey is still on, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(1), 50–57.
10. Singh, R. (2015) Regional disparities in post-reform India, Modern Geografía, (II), 41–68.
11. Waghmare, A. (2024, November 11) The economies of Indian states, Data for India. Access on 08/08/2025.

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The present article examines the existentialist aspects of Narayan Surve’s poetry attempting to contextualize them in a broader landscape of European existentialist thoughts. While Existentialism re-emerged in Europe through the philosophies of Sartre, Camus and Heidegger, demonstration of existentialist themes – absurdity, meaninglessness of life, and struggle for existence – in Surve’s poetry emerge organically from his own lived experiences as an orphan and his participation in Worker’s Union Movement in industrial milieu of Mumbai (the then, Bombay). His verse present a fusion of existentialist absurdity with Marxist-Leninist commitment transforming individual pain into collective struggle for dignified life. Through close analysis of his poems, this study argues that Surve localizes and renews existentialist philosophy by de-rooting it European socio-political context and transplants it in the socioeconomic realities of Marathi labors’ life.

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Existentialism, Absurdity, Labor literature, Existential angst. 

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  1. Surve, Narayan (2010) Sanad, Granthali, Mumbai.

2. Surve, Narayan (2010) “Maaf Kara,” in Sanad, 6th ed, Granthali, Mumbai.
3. Surve, Narayan (2010) “22 February,” in Sanad, 6th ed, Granthali, Mumbai.
4. Surve, Narayan (2010) “Jar Tumhala,” in Sanad, 6th ed, Granthali, Mumbai.
5. Surve, Narayan (2010)  “Manogat,” in Sanad, 6th ed., Granthali, Mumbai.
6. Camus, Albert. (1991) The Rebel - An Essay on Man in Revolt, Translated by Anthony Bower, Vintage Books, New York.
7. Camus, Albert. (1975) The Myth of Sisyphus, Translated by Justin O’Brian, Penguin Modern Classics. Penguin Books, London, UK.
8. Date, Vidyadhar (2006) Vinda Karandikar: Deserving the Jnanpith, Economic and Political Weekly 41, no. 4, 316–17.
9. Surve, Narayan (2010)“Don Divas,” in Sanad, 6th ed., Granthali, Mumbai.
10. Surve, Narayan (2010) “Majhe Vidyapeeth,” in Sanad, 6th ed., Granthali, Mumbai.
11. Surve, Narayan (2010) “Jahirnama,” in Sanad, 6th ed., Granthali, Mumbai.
12. Surve, Narayan (2010) “Ek Amhi Ase,” in Sanad, 6th ed., Granthali, Mumbai.
13. Deshpande, G. P. (2010) Thinking of Surve, Economic and Political Weekly, September 4, 2010,   p. 15-17.

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Nur Jahan, the most influential wife of Emperor Jahangir, remains an extraordinary figure in Mughal history. Celebrated for her stunning beauty, admired for her exceptional intellect, and respected for her unmatched courage, she redefined the role of women in a traditionally patriarchal society. Her political influence extended well beyond the zenana (harem), making her one of the very few women in Islamic history to wield de facto imperial power. This paper explores Nur Jahan’s transformation from a royal consort to an astute administrator and courageous leader, analyzing how she combined beauty, intelligence, and bravery to shape the course of Mughal politics, culture, and gender roles in 17th-century India.

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Nur Jahan, Jahangir, Mughal, Empress, Power, Intelligence.

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  1. Findly, E. B. (1993) Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India, Oxford University Press, New York, USA.

2. Lal, K. S. (1988) The Mughal Harem, Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi.
3. Lal, R. (2005) Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
4. Koch, E. (1997) Mughal Architecture: An Outline of Its History and Development, 1526–1858, Prestel, Munich, Germany.
5. Richards, J. F. (1993) The Mughal Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

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This study compared the effect of gamified and non-gamified teaching methods on self-regulated learning among 90 Class IX students. The experimental group received gamified instruction in Mathematics for two months, while the control group received traditional instruction. At the completion of the treatment, both groups were assessed by administering Self-regulated Learning scale. Post-test analysis revealed that the gamified approach (mean score: 186.27) was more effective than the non-gamified approach (mean score: 149.87) in enhancing self-regulated learning. Additionally, the study found that gender did not influence the effectiveness of either approach.

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Gamification, Teaching Methods, Self-regulated Learning, 21st Century Learners.

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  1. Alhalafawy, W. S. & Zaki, M. Z. T. (2022) How Has Gamification Within Digital Platforms Affected Self-Regulated Learning Skills During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Mixed-Methods Research. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (Ijet), 17(06), 123–151. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i06.28885

2. Capuno, J. G. C. (2023) Quizziz: A Game-based Formative Assessment Tool for Enhancing Students Self-Regulated Learning, International Journal of Social Learning, 3(3), 329–340, https://doi.org/10.47134/ijsl.v3i3.206
3. Chang, P.; Hung, C. -Y.; Cheng, S.-F.; Tang, J.-J. & Cheng, C. W. (2023) An Exploration of Self-Regulation Learning Practices and Its Effectiveness with Kahoot! Incorporated into Electronics Teaching,  1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/tale56641.2023.10398351
4. Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2007) Research Methods in Education, Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203029053.
5. Deterding, S.; Dixon, D.; Khaled, R. & Nacke, L. (2011) From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining “Gamification”. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040
6. Gupta, Madhu & Mehtani, Dimple (2017) Self-Regulated Learning Scale (SRL-GMMD), National Psychological Corporation (NPC), Agra, ISBN: 93-86203-20-0.
7. Hassan, L., Xi, N.; Gurkan, B.; Koivisto, J. & Hamari, J. (2020) Gameful Self-Regulation: A Study on How Gamified Self-Tracking Features Evoke Gameful Experiences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
8. Najmi, A. H. (2023) The Effect of Using Flipped Classrooms Based on Gamification in Developing Self-regulated Learning Skills and Educational Resilience among Third-intermediate Students in English Language, The International Journal for Research in Education, 47(4), 11–72. https://doi.org/10.36771/ijre.47.4.23-pp11-72
9. Opri’, E. T.; Zsoldos-Marchi, I. & Egri, E. (2024) Impact of Gamified Problem Sheets in Seppo on Self-Regulation Skills, Open Education Studies, 6(1), 6(1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1515/edu-2024-0024.
10. Pintrich, P. R. (2000) The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation, p. 451-502, Academic, San Diego, CA.
11. Sansanwal, D.N. (2020) Research Methodology and Applied Statistics, Shipra Publications, Delhi.
12. Winne, P. H. (2016) SFU Ed Review Special Issue 2016, SFU Ed Review Special Issue 2016, 1–3, Simon Franser University, Canada.
13. Zhao, J.; Panjaburee, P.; Hwang, G.-J. & Wongkia, W. (2023) Effects of a self-regulated-based gamified virtual reality system on students’ English learning performance and affection, Interactive Learning Environments, 32(9), 1–28.,  https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2219702.

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Chhattisgarh, despite having a specific anti-witch-hunting law, continues to be a hotspot for the deeply entrenched social evil of witch-hunting, locally referred to as the ‘Tonahi’ menace. The term ‘Tonahi’ is used to label an individual, predominantly an elderly, single, or marginalized woman, who is falsely accused of possessing malevolent supernatural powers (black magic or ‘evil eye’) responsible for misfortunes in the community. The violence against a ‘Tonahi’ is a severe form of gender-based violence and can range from public humiliation, social ostracization, and forced consumption of foul substances to brutal physical assault, torture, and murder. Victims are often stripped of their property and forced into destitution, and the stigma impacts their families across generations. The practice is not merely a social custom but a serious criminal issue with significant socio-economic consequences for the victims and the overall public order.

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Tonahi, Anti-superstition Law, Social Menace, Human Rights Violation.

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  1. The Indian ExpressGovernance Now Governance, The Indian Express, Accessed on 11.07.2025

2. India CodePRS Legislative Research, Accessed on 11.08.2025
3. PRS Legislative ResearchSupreme Today
4. India CodeLaw and Justice Department, Chhattisgarh PRS Legislative Research, Accessed on 29.11.2024
5. India CodeLaw and Justice Department, ChhattisgarhPRS Legislative Research, Accessed on 29.11.2024
6. India CodeLaw and Justice Department, ChhattisgarhPRS Legislative Research, Accessed on 29.11.2024
7. India CodeLaw and Justice Department, ChhattisgarhPRS Legislative Research, Accessed on 29.11.2024
8. India Code Law and Justice Department, Chhattisgarh PRS Legislative Research
9. Indian Kanoon+CaseMine Accessed on 14.07.2025
10. cgpolice.gov.inGovernance Now, Accessed on 19.07.2025
11. pldindia.orgGovernance Now, Accessed on 12.07.2025
12. pldindia.org, Accessed on 12.07.2025.
13. The New Indian Express, Accessed on 20.07.2025
14. Digital Sansadjournalsofindia.comJusCorpus, Accessed on 11.09.2025.
15. Digital Sansad
16. Indian Kanoon CaseMine
17. The Indian Express, Accessed on 20.07.2025.
18. The Chhattisgarh Tonahi Pratadna Nivaran Act, 2005 (Bare Act)

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This paper seeks to analyze the effect of digital media on Indian feminism. The central philosophical analysis seeks to fathom how platforms like Twitter, Instagram etc., have democratized feminist discourse and amplified marginalized voices and therefore enabled rapid and effective mobilization on campaigns such as #MeToo. Digital environments can mimic and reproduce social hierarchies thereby excluding a great number of rural and non-English speaking populations and commodify activism within the confines of neoliberalism. New forms of patriarchal constructs, online harassment and engagement farming threaten the very credibility of feminist discourse. It concludes that social media has provided many tools for transformation and yet has introduced risks that threaten diversion and dilution of fundamental feminist praxis. Ultimately the positive aspects of international feminism and its ethnocentric tendencies are also discussed. We must therefore use social media tools to carefully attenuate and amplify feminist agenda instead of fragmenting it.

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Popular Feminism, Feminist Praxis, Intersectionality, Affective Publics, Performative Feminism, Epistemic Violence.

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  1. Swapna Gopinath (2025) Hashtag activism and Feminism: a study on the Sabarimala temple entry in India https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2025.2511394, Accessed on 16/07/2025.

2. https://www.womanity.org , Accessed on 14/07/2025.
3. www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-gender-technology-gap-has-to-end/article34939814.ece , Accessed on 14/07/2025.
4. Spivak, Gayatri (1988) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, University of Illinois Press, Illinois, USA, p. 280.
5. Sarah Banet-Weiser (2018) Empowered: Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny, Duke University Press, North Carolina, USA, p. 185.
6. https://jsis.washington.edu/southasia/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2021/10/DecolonizingTheBody_ AlkaKurian.pdf?utm_source=perplexity, Accessed on 16/07/2025.

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If we talk about women empowerment, digital media has played an important role in providing social rights, political rights, financial security, judicial power and all the rights that men have, however, even now, especially in villages, women who are not connected to digital media do not know what their “basic and social rights” are. But the Government of India and the State Government have focused on women’s development, for this, under the leadership of Honorable Indian Prime Minister; many initiatives have been taken from Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao to better health and education facilities and to improve their daily lives and their long-term prospects. There have been many problems at the global level for a long time regarding the improvement of the social status of women and steps have also been taken from time to time for this. After independence, traditional media, radio, television, and newspapers were expected to improve the social status of women, but this traditional media maintained the status quo and no positive results were seen in the social status of women. Today, in the era of digital revolution, new media has played a big role in women empowerment.

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Digital Media, Digital Revolution, Education Facilities, Social Status, Traditional Media.

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  1. Jamal, Al-Menayes (2015) Motivations for using social media- A motivational factor, International Journal of Psychological Studies, 7(1), 43. doi:10.5539/ijps.v7n1p43

2. Krumpal, I. (2011) Determinants of Social Desirability Bias in Sensitive Surveys: A Literature review, Quality & Quantity, 47(4), 2025 –2047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9640-9
3. Bell, B. T. & Dittmar, H. (2011) Does media type matter? The role of identification in adolescent girls’ media consumption and the impact of different thin-ideal media on body image, Sex Roles, 65, 478– 490. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9964-x.
4. Bell, K. (2012) Social Media and female body image. Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University, from https://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/173/, Accessed on 4/02/2022. 
5. Dube, S. C. (1960) The Objective Society, Pressler, New York.
6. Rogers, E. V. (1969) Modernization among Vigilants: The Impact of Communication, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., New York.
7. Gulati, S. (1985) Women and Society, Shekhar Prakashan, Allahabad.
8. Mishra, Ravindra Kumar  (2009) Women Empowerment in the Present Social Environment, Vijay Prakashan Mandir, Varanasi.
9. Ghadiali, Rehana (1988) edited, Women in Indian Society: A Reader, Sage Publications, New Delhi.
10. Gopalan, Sarala (2002) Towards Equality: The Unfinished Agenda, Status of Women in India, National Commission for Women, New Delhi.
11. Indian Association of Women Studies (IWAS) (2014, Feb 4-7) Equality, Pluralism and the State: Perspectives from the Women’s Movement - A Report, XIV National Conference on Women’s Studies at Guwahati.
12. Kasturi, Leela and Mazumdar, Vina (1994) eds Women and Indian Nationalism, Vikas, New Delhi.
13. Nayak, Nalini (2005) Social Security for the Unorganised Sector, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 40, Issue No. 22-23, 28 May.
14. Patel, Vibhuti (1995) Shah Bano Controversy and the Challenges Faced by Women’s Movement in India, in Asghar Ali Engineer (ed), Problems of Muslim Women in India. India:Orient Longman, p.140- 148.
15. Rai, Bharati (2005) Women of India: Colonial and Post Colonial Periods (History of Science, Philosophy, and Culture in Indian Civilization, Part-3), Sage Publications, New Delhi.

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यह शोध-पत्र गुरु घासीदास (1756-1850) के चिंतन में निहित राजनीतिक संदर्भ और समाज पर उसके प्रभाव का विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन प्रस्तुत करता है। गुरु घासीदास ने ऐसे समय में जन्म लिया जब भारतीय समाज जातिगत भेदभाव, सामाजिक अन्याय, ऊँच-नीच और अंधविश्वास की जकड़न में था। उन्होंने ‘सत्य ही मानव का आभूषण है‘ का संदेश देकर लोगों को नैतिकता पूर्ण जीवन शैली प्रदान किया। यह शोध यह प्रतिपादित करता है कि गुरु घासीदास का चिंतन केवल धार्मिक सुधार तक सीमित नहीं था, बल्कि उसमें सामाजिक और राजनीतिक चेतना का भी सशक्त आयाम समाहित था। शोध में ऐतिहासिक-विश्लेषणात्मक पद्धति अपनाई गई है, जिसमें प्राथमिक स्रोतों (भजन, वाणी, लोककथाएँ) तथा द्वितीयक स्रोतों (शोध ग्रंथ, इतिहास लेखन, सामाजिक अध्ययन) का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन किया गया है। निष्कर्षतः, गुरु घासीदास के विचार आधुनिक लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों समानता, स्वतंत्रता और बंधुत्व से गहरे साम्य रखते हैं। संविधान में निहित सामाजिक न्याय, आरक्षण व्यवस्था और वंचित समुदायों के राजनीतिक सशक्तिकरण में उनके चिंतन की छाप स्पष्ट दिखाई देती है साथ ही, उनका पर्यावरण-संवेदनशील दृष्टिकोण आज के सतत विकास विमर्श में अत्यंत प्रासंगिक है। इस प्रकार, यह शोध दर्शाता है कि गुरु घासीदास का चिंतन भारतीय समाज को न केवल ऐतिहासिक संदर्भ में बल्कि समकालीन परिप्रेक्ष्य में भी दिशा प्रदान करता है।

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गुरु घासीदास, सतनाम पंथ, समानता और सामाजिक न्याय, लोकतांत्रिक मूल्य, दलित-आदिवासी सशक्तिकरण.

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  1. Ambedkar, B. R. (2014) Annihilation of caste, Verso Books, New York, US.

2. Chatterjee, P. (1993) The nation and its fragments: Colonial and postcolonial histories, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, USA.
3. Jangde, R. (2016) Guru Ghasidas and the Satnami movement: A socio-political perspective, Journal of Chhattisgarh Studies, 4(2), 45–58.
4. Kumar, A. (2012) Dalit movements in India: Local practices, global connections, Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford, UK.
5. Mukherjee, S. (2002) A dictionary of Indian history, Macmillan, Macmillan, New York, US.
6. Pradhan, S. (2015) Guru Ghasidas and his philosophy of Satnam: Relevance in contemporary society, Indian Historical Review, 42(1), 67–84. 
7. Sharma, R. K. (2010) Social reform movements in 18th and 19th century India, Indian Journal of Social Research, 51(3), 233–249.
8. Singh, K. S. (1992) The scheduled castes, Anthropological Survey of India, New Delhi.
9. Thakur, R. (2018) Socio-political relevance of Guru Ghasidas in modern Indian democracy, Economic and Political Weekly, 53(21), 55–62.

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Yashica Dutt is a renowned Dalit writer, journalist and activist who voices out the hopes, dreams and struggles of the Dalit middle-class in India. Her memoir, Coming Out As Dalit, published in 2019, shares her journey and highlights the hardships experienced by Dalit, the so-called lower caste people. The emergence of a caste marginalized middle-class in India signifies a socio-economic shift, challenging age-old caste discrimination and simultaneously coping with caste injustice. This research paper portrays the aspirations, struggles and transformation of Dalit middle-class individuals. It examines how Dutt’s work advocates the role of education, representation and breaking the silence around a deeply marginalized social community. It analyses how the Dalit middle-class is striving for respect, recognition and social parity in new modern society. It explores why they strive for upward mobility, the obstacles they come across and the societal changes they envision. Using a social historical lens, the research places Dutt’s work on caste, class and societal prejudice. It argues that while financial progress authorizes some degree of social acceptance, deep-rooted caste discrimination continues to affect Dalit people. Even though they have education and financial security, they still experience social injustice.

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Yashica Dutt, Coming Out As Dalit, Middle-class, Caste mobility, Social aspirations. 

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  1. Ambedkar, B. R. (1936) Annihilation of Caste Penguin Random House Publications, Kolkata.

2. Dutt, Yashica (2019) Coming Out as Dalit: A Memoir, Aleph Book Company, New Delhi.
3. Guru, Gopal (2009) Interrogating Caste and Class in Indian Middle Class, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, no. 50, p. 33–38.
4. Thorat, Sukhadeo and Katherine, S. Newman, editors (2010) Blocked by Caste: Economic Discrimination in Modern India. Oxford University Press, Noida,Uttar Pradesh.
5. Yengde, Suraj (2019) Caste Matters, Penguin Books, Gurugram, Haryana.

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The Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand, India, represents a critical microcosm for understanding the interplay between tribal identity, socio-economic movements, and electoral politics in India’s Adivasi heartland. This paper examines the historical and contemporary political dynamics of the Santhal Pargana. It argues that the region’s politics is fundamentally structured by a persistent tension between assertions of tribal autonomy, often manifested through movements for land and cultural rights, and the integrating forces of party politics and state-led development. The analysis traces the political evolution from the seminal Santhal Hul of 1855 to the Jharkhand statehood movement and into the present day, where issues of displacement, resource alienation, and identity preservation continue to shape electoral choices and political mobilization. The paper concludes that while formal political power has been achieved through the creation of Jharkhand, the core aspirations of the Santhal community self-determination and protection of their jal, jangal, jameen (water, forest, land) remain central and often contested arenas of political engagement.

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Santhal Pargana, Jharkhand, Adivasi Politics, Tribal Movements, Identity Politics, Land Rights..

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  1. Census of India (2011) Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Tribes, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

2. Corbridge, S. & Jewitt, S. (1997) From Rebellion to Riots: The Politics of ‘Jharkhand’ and the Agenda of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, Economic and Political Weekly, 32(18), 921–926.
3. Guha, R. (1983) Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
4. Pai, S. (2021) Jharkhand: Politics, Governance, and Development, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
5. Shah, A. (2010) In the Shadows of the State: Indigenous Politics, Environmentalism, and Insurgency in Jharkhand, India, Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.
6. Singh, C. (2018) Political Mobilization and Identity in Jharkhand, Sage Publications, New Delhi.
7. The Hindu. (2024, January 31) Hemant Soren arrested by ED after resignation as Jharkhand CM.
8. Tillin, L. (2013) Remapping India: New States and their Political Origins, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
9. Xaxa, V. (2016) State, Society, and Tribes: Issues in Post-Colonial India, Pearson, Noida, Uttar Pradesh.

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Traditionally understood as the absolute authority of the state over a defined territory and population, sovereignty is increasingly challenged by the borderless nature of information systems, global data flows, and the power of multinational corporations. This paper critically examines how digital infrastructures reshape the concepts of borders and authority, creating both opportunities and risks for states. Drawing upon theories of international relations, information governance, and cybersecurity, the study analyzes diverse national responses, including the European Union’s regulatory model, China’s authoritarian approach, the United States’ market-driven framework, India’s evolving data protection regime, and Russia’s emphasis on self-reliance. Using a qualitative, secondary-data-based methodology, the paper highlights how information systems destabilize the Westphalian conception of sovereignty while enabling new forms of governance that blend territorial authority with control over digital space. The findings suggest that sovereignty in the digital age is neither obsolete nor absolute but is undergoing reconfiguration through contested practices of digital governance. The study concludes with recommendations for balancing national autonomy with global cooperation, emphasizing the need for multilateral norms on cybersecurity, data protection, and cross-border digital trade.

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Sovereignty, Digital Sovereignty, Information Systems, Cybersecurity, Data Governance, Globalization.

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  1. Aaronson, S. A., (2021) Data is different: Why the world needs a new approach to governing cross-border data flows, Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, v. 23, no. 3, p. 209–223.

2. Allcott, H. and M. Gentzkow (2017) Social media and fake news in the 2016 election, Journal of Economic Perspectives, v. 31, no. 2, p. 211–236.
3. Bradford, A. (2020) The Brussels effect: How the European Union rules the world, Oxford University Press, New York, p. 424.
4. Chander, A. and U. P. Lê  (2015) Data nationalism, Emory Law Journal, v. 64, no. 3, p. 677–739.
5. Chaudhuri, S. (2020) Data protection in India: Regulatory challenges and policy responses, Indian Journal of Public Administration, v. 66, no. 2, p. 178–196.
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In this research paper, researcher have examined the controversial teachings and ideas preached and suggested by Osho (also known as Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh), which advocates sexual energy as a potential path to super-consciousness. It also underlines Osho’s framing of praxis -grounded in tantric metamorphosis. It rejects all forms of repression and summarizes some of the major practices, he talked about. In this paper researcher attempted to analyze the phenomenon with scholarly and journalistic view-points, that encompasses a sympathetic reading and a critical over-view. The objective is to present a concise, evidence-based analysis of how Osho brought together the sexuality and the spiritual awakening. Before Osho, the praxis of sex to super-consciousness was very rare in the history of mankind. Even if it was there in Tantra practice. It was not in public. As we all know, praxis is the process on the basic of which a new idea, theory or skill is embodied and put into practice. Praxis has been a recurrent topic in the fraternity of philosophy, discussed widely in the writings of thinkers of yester-years including Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, Francis Bacon, Karl Marx,  Jean-Paul Sartre. Immanuel Kant, and many others. It is meaning fully and purposefully used in the political, educational, spiritual and medical dominions.

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Osho, Sex, Super Consciousness, Spiritual, Introduction -freedom, Society.

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  1. Kaur, G. (2024, May 16) Post-colonial reflections on Osho’s controversial ideologies. LSE Religion and Global Society (blog), https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/religionglobalsociety/2024/05/post-colonial-reflections-on-oshos-controversial-ideologies/, Accessed on 15/06/2025.

2. Nagaraj, A. K. M. (2013) Osho – insights on sex, Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S268–S272. 
3. Osho (1979) From sex to super-consciousness, Osho International Foundation, (Multiple editions and reprints exist; cited here as representative of Osho’s discourses on sex), Mumbai.
4. Osho (2009) Tantra: The supreme understanding (discourses), Watkins Publishing, London.
5. Urban, H. B. (2016) Zorba the Buddha: Sex, spirituality, and capitalism in the global Osho movement, University of California Press, California.

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कृषि-आधारित उद्योग ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था की रीढ़ माने जाते हैं क्योंकि ये न केवल किसानों को उनकी उपज का उचित मूल्य दिलाने में सहायक होते हैं, बल्कि उन्हें कृषि कार्य से अतिरिक्त आय अर्जित करने के अवसर भी प्रदान करते हैं। इन उद्योगों के माध्यम से किसान पारंपरिक खेती पर निर्भर रहने के बजाय अपनी उपज का प्रसंस्करण और मूल्य संवर्धन कर सकते हैं, जिससे उनकी आय में वृद्धि होती है और आजीविका अधिक स्थिर बनती है साथ ही, कृषि-आधारित उद्योग ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में संसाधनों का स्थानीय स्तर पर उपयोग सुनिश्चित करते हैं, जिससे ग्रामीण विकास और सामाजिक-आर्थिक सशक्तिकरण को गति मिलती है। बिहार जैसे कृषि-प्रधान राज्य में कृषि- आधारित उद्योगों का महत्व और भी अधिक बढ़ जाता है। यहां की बड़ी आबादी कृषि पर निर्भर है और ऐसे में प्रसंस्करण उद्योग, डेयरी, चीनी मिलें, फल-सब्जी प्रसंस्करण इकाइयां तथा अन्य लघु उद्योग न केवल किसानों की आय में वृद्धि करते हैं, बल्कि राज्य की अर्थव्यवस्था को भी सुदृढ़ बनाते हैं। ये उद्योग ग्रामीण युवाओं के लिए रोजगार सृजन का महत्वपूर्ण माध्यम बनते हैं, जिससे पलायन की समस्या में भी कमी आती है। इसके अतिरिक्त, इनका प्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव राज्य सकल घरेलू उत्पाद पर पड़ता है और व्यापारिक गतिविधियों के विस्तार से बिहार की आर्थिक संरचना को मजबूती मिलती है। प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र का उद्देश्य बिहार में कृषि-आधारित उद्योगों के आर्थिक प्रभाव का विस्तृत विश्लेषण करना है। इसके अंतर्गत यह देखा जाएगा कि इन उद्योगों ने किसानों की आय वृद्धि, ग्रामीण रोजगार और ैळक्च् में किस प्रकार योगदान दिया है साथ ही, अध्ययन का एक अन्य पहलू इन उद्योगों से जुड़ी चुनौतियों की पहचान करना भी है, जैसे अवसंरचना की कमी, पूंजी निवेश की सीमाएँ, तकनीकी बाधाएँ तथा बाज़ार तक पहुँच में कठिनाइयाँ। इन चुनौतियों की गहन पड़ताल से यह समझा जा सकेगा कि राज्य की कृषि-आधारित औद्योगिक संरचना को और अधिक प्रभावी एवं टिकाऊ बनाने के लिए किन सुधारों की आवश्यकता है।

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कृषि-आधारित उद्योग, किसान आय, रोजगार सृजन, ग्रामीण विकास, राज्य सकल घरेलू उत्पाद.

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  1. COMFED (2017) बिहार राज्य दुग्ध सहकारी महासंघ की वार्षिक रिपोर्ट, पटना।

2. बिहार सरकार (2017) खाद्य प्रसंस्करण नीति 2017, पटना।
3. बिहार सरकार (2018) बिहार औद्योगिक नीति, उद्योग विभाग, पटना।
4. बिहार सरकार (2020) बिहार का आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण 2019दृ20. पटनारू वित्त विभाग।
5. आईसीआरआईईआर (2016) भारत में शीत श्रृंखला अवसंरचना, नई दिल्ली।
6. कुमार, ए. (2015) बिहार में चीनी उद्योगों का पतनरू कारण और परिणाम, इकोनॉमिक एंड पॉलिटिकल वीकली, 50(21), 72-78।
7. खाद्य प्रसंस्करण उद्योग मंत्रालय (2020) वार्षिक रिपोर्ट, भारत सरकार।
8. मिश्रा, वी. (2019) बिहार में किसानों की आय पर खाद्य प्रसंस्करण का प्रभाव, जर्नल ऑफ फूड प्रोसेसिंग एंड टेक्नोलॉजी, 10(6), 821-829।
9. राष्ट्रीय उद्यानिकी बोर्ड (2019) उद्यानिकी सांख्यिकी एक दृष्टि में, कृषि मंत्रालय, नई दिल्ली।
10. राष्ट्रीय कौशल विकास निगम (2019) बिहार में कृषि-आधारित उद्योगों के लिए कौशल अंतराल अध्ययन, नई दिल्ली।
11. नीति आयोग (2015) कृषि और ग्रामीण विकास रिपोर्ट, भारत सरकार, नई दिल्ली।
12. योजना आयोग (2012) बिहार में अवसंरचनागत बाधाएँ, भारत सरकार, नई दिल्ली।
13. प्रसाद, एन. (2014) बिहार में कृषि-आधारित उद्योगों की संरचनात्मक बाधाएँ, जर्नल ऑफ डेवलपमेंट स्टडीज़, 49(3), 341-359।
14. भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक (2019) बिहार में कृषि ऋण पर रिपोर्ट, मुंबई।
15. शर्मा, एच. (2017) भारत में कृषि-आधारित उद्योगः एक संक्षिप्त अवलोकन, इंडियन जर्नल ऑफ इकॉनॉमिक्स एंड डेवलपमेंट, 13(1), 55-64।
16. सिंह, ए. एवं झा, एम. (2016) बिहार के कृषि-आधारित उद्योगों में प्रौद्योगिकी अंतराल, इंडियन जर्नल ऑफ एग्रीकल्चरल इकॉनॉमिक्स, 71(2), 225-236।
17. सिंह, पी. (2017) बिहार में सहकारी दुग्ध मॉडलरू कॉमफेड का एक केस अध्ययन, इंडियन जर्नल ऑफ कोऑपरेटिव स्टडीज़, 52(3), 145-158।
18. सिंह, आर. के. (2018) बिहार में कृषि-आधारित उद्योगः अवसर और चुनौतियाँ, जर्नल ऑफ रूरल डेवलपमेंट, 37(2), 201-215।
19. विश्व बैंक (2018) भारत में कृषि-उद्योगों की राज्य-स्तरीय प्रतिस्पर्धात्मकता, वाशिंगटन, डी.सी.।