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Publishing Year : 2024

September To November
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झारखंड राज्य निर्माण आंदोलन की कहानी बहुत लंबी है जिसमें कई लोगों ने अपना-अपना महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया है। झारखंड राज्य जनजातीय समुदाय की बहुलता के लिए विख्यात है जो जनजातीय संस्कृति तथा प्राकृतिक वातावरण के दृष्टिकोण से अद्वितीय स्थान रखता है। झारखंड में प्राकृतिक संपदाओं की प्रचुर मात्रा होने के कारण उद्योग धंधों तथा पूंजीपतियों के आकर्षण का केंद्र सदियों से बना है तथा इसी कारण से जनजातीय समुदाय तथा यहां के मूल निवासी का शोषण भी जारी रहा है। देश के आजादी के पश्चात् भी झारखंड महाजनों, पूंजीपतियों तथा भ्रष्ट सरकारों का गुलाम बना रहा। जब शोषण अपने प्रकाष्ठा पर पहुंचा तब जनजातीय समुदाय और मूल वासियों द्वारा विद्रोह किया जाने लगा तथा इस विद्रोह में उन्हें राह दिखाने में कई आंदोलनकारियों ने अहम भूमिका निभाई है। इन आंदोलनकारियों में जयपाल सिंह मुंडा, एन. ई. होरो, विनोद बिहारी महतो, ए० के० राय, बागुन सुबोई, रामदयाल मुंडा तथा शिबू सोरेन प्रमुख थे। 

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शोषण, जनजाति समुदाय, विद्रोह, संस्कृति, झारखंड, लालखंड.

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  1. हेमंत, (2008) झारखंड, प्रकाशन संस्थान, दिल्ली, पृ. 16।

2. दत्त, बलवीर (2014) कहानी झारखंड आंदोलन की इतिहास से साक्षात्कार, क्राउन पब्लिकेशन, रांची, पृ. 6।
3. वीरोत्तम, बी. (2000) झारखंडः इतिहास एवं संस्कृति, बिहार हिंदी ग्रन्थ अकादमी, पटना, पृ. 388।
4. इकोनामिक एंड पॉलीटिकल वीकली जिल्द - 11।
5. विद्यार्थी एल. पी. और सहाय के. एन. (1976) डिनामिक्स ऑफ ट्राइवल लीडरशिप इन बिहार, किताब महल, इलाहाबाद, पृ. 89।
6. लाल मनोहर (1983) द मुंडा एलिट, अमर प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 37।
7. महतो, शैलेंद्र (2015) झारखंड की समरगाथा, दानिश बुक्स, दिल्ली, पृ. 532।
8. पूर्वोक्त, कहानी झारखंड आंदोलन की, पृ. 592।
9. पांचवा केन्द्रीय महासम्मलेन राजनैतिक तथा संगठन रिपोर्ट माक्सवादी समन्वय समिति, बोकारो, पृ. 23।
10. प्रसाद पप्पू हरी (2022) अतीत की पृष्ठभूमि में कामरेड ए० के० राय माक्सवादी समन्वय समिति, धनबाद, 22 अप्रैल 2022, पृ. 8।
11. पूवोक्त, महतो, शैलेंद्र झारखंड की समरगाथा, पृ. 294।
12. सिन्हा, अनुज कुमार (2020) दिशोम गुरु शिबू सोरेन, प्रभात पब्लिकेशन, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 20।
13. इक्का, विलियम, एवं सिन्हा, आर. के. (2004) डॉक्युमेंट ऑफ झारखंड मुवमेंट, एंथरोपोलोजीकल सर्वे ऑफ इंडिया, कोलकाता, पृ. 23।
14. खलखो, आभा, (2003) एम्स ,एंड एचीवमेंट ऑफ झारखंड मुक्ति मोर्चा (1973-2000), प्रोसेडिंग्स ऑफ द इंडियन हिस्ट्री कांग्रेस, वाल्युम - 64, पृ. 64।
15. तलवार, वीर (2017) भारत, झारखंड आंदोलन के दस्तावेज, नाबारुण पब्लिकेशन, उत्तर प्रदेश, पृ. 213।
16. मिंज बिशप (2014) डॉ. निर्मल, कहानी आदिवासी राजनीति की, झारखण्ड झरोखा पब्लिकेशन, रांची, पृ. 51।
17. श्रडड संविधान, पृ. 3।
18. श्रडड संविधान, पृ. 2।
19. बिहार रिकोग्निशन एक्ट 2000, पृ. 30।
20. द टाइम्स आफ इंडिया 16 नवंबर, 2000, पृ. 3।

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किसी भी प्रभावी आतंकवाद निरोधक कानून को प्रतिस्थापित करने एवं उसका श्रेष्ठ उपयोग करने के लिए कानून का उचित मूल्यांकन किया जाना अनिवार्य होता है एवं जब इस कानून की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विश्वनीयता एवं सार्थकता का प्रश्न हो तो वहाँ कानून का अन्य राष्ट्रों के कानून के तुलानात्मक अध्ययन करना अनिवार्य हो जाता है। भारतीय आतंकवाद निरोधक कानून की सार्थकता एवं प्रासंांगिकता का मूल्यांकन करने के लिए हमें विभिन्न राष्ट्रों में प्रचलित आतंकवाद निरोधक कानूनों का अध्ययन करना आवश्यक है। इस कड़ी में हमं प्रमुख रूप से विकसित राष्ट्रों अमेरिका ब्रिटेन एवं चीन तथा हमारे कट्टर प्रतिद्वंदी राष्ट्र पाकिस्तान एवं खाड़ी राष्ट्रों के आतंकवाद निरोध कानून का संक्षिप्त विश्लेषण करना भी आवश्यक है। 

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भारतीय कानून, राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा, अमेरिकी आतंकवाद निरोधक कानून, आतंकवाद निरोधक कानून.

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  1. Majumdar, Nividita (2011) The Other Side of Terror and Anthology of Writing, ?Oxford University Press,  Delhi.  

2. Hipp, Van  (2015) The New Terrorism - How To Fight is and Defeat it, Countinghouse Pr Inc.
3. Dixit, J.N. (2018) Indias Foreign Policy Challenges of Terrorism,  Gyan Publishing House, Delhi.

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Humans are one of the many living things that live on the surface of the earth. Human beings have an important role to play in the evolution or change of any kind of activity in various forms on the surface of the earth. Karma based community has developed through continuous human endeavors and scientific approach. Due to the importance and efforts given by researchers in India and around the world, Demographic studies has become one of the most widely studied disciplines today. The study and research of demography and the direction obtained from it can play a role of revolution in many areas. For this, while conducting population census, the working population is divided into main workers and marginal workers. For almost all types of occupation-based population categories, these two groups are divided according to the proportion of working population and work obtained. In this research analysis the working population is considered between the two major categories that is main workers and the marginal workers and again it is divided into agricultural laborers, cultivators, household industry workers and other workers.

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Main Workers, Marginal Workers, Cultivators, Household Industry Workers.

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  1. Ackerman, E. A. (1959). Geography and Demography. University Press, Chicago.

2. Ahmad, E. (1965). A Physical, Economic and regional Geography, Ranchi University, Ranchi.
3. Banu S. N., (2015). Changing Occupational structure and Economic Condition of Farm laborers in India: A Study, www.indiastat.com, May - June, 2015, Accessed on 10/03/2024.
4. Census of India, 2001, 2011
5. Dayal, H., & Karan, A. K. (2003). Labour migration from Jharkhand. Institute for Human Development, New Delhi.
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadar,_Hazaribagh_(community_development_block), Accessed on 10/03/2024.
7. Kadam, P. (2013). Study of Occupational Structure in Nanded City, Indian Journal of Applied Research, Vol. 3, Issue 4, Month: April 2013.
8. Sarkar C. (2017). Urban Functional And Occupational Structure In North 24 Parganas District, West Bengal, International Journal of Recent Research In Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH), Vol. 4, Issue 1, p. 1-14, Month: January - March 2017, www.Paperpublications.Org, Accessed on 10/03/2024.
9. Singh, R. S. (1986). Changing occupational structure of Scheduled Tribes, Inter-India Publications, New Delhi.
10. Sinha, Abhay Kumar (2016): “Impact of Rural – urban migration on urbanisation” Remarking, vol-2, issue – ix, Feb – 2016
11. Sinha, V.N.P. and Singh, L.K.P. (2003): Jharkhand: Land and People, Rajesh Publications, New Delhi.
12. www.censusindia.gov.in, Accessed on 10/03/2024.
13. www.hazaribag.nic.in/blocks/, Accessed on 10/03/2024.
14. www.jharkhand.gov.in/labour, Accessed on 10/03/2024.
15. www.rojgar.jharkhand.gov.in/, Accessed on 10/03/2024.

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This sociological study provides an in-depth overview of the Kanwar tribes of Chhattisgarh, exploring their unique cultural, social, and economic practices. The Kanwar tribe, a significant indigenous group in the region, offers a rich tapestry of traditions and lifestyles that are both intriguing and integral to the sociocultural fabric of Chhattisgarh. This study delves into the historical background of the Kanwar community, tracing their origins, migration patterns, and settlement areas within Chhattisgarh. The research aims to elucidate the social structures and hierarchies prevalent within the Kanwar tribe, examining the roles and responsibilities assigned by gender, age, and status. It highlights the tribe’s kinship systems, marriage customs, and family dynamics, providing a comprehensive understanding of their social organization. Furthermore, the study investigates the economic activities that sustain the Kanwar community, such as agriculture, forest resource utilization, and artisanal crafts, emphasizing their traditional knowledge and practices. Religious beliefs and rituals form a crucial aspect of the Kanwar tribe’s identity, and this study explores their spiritual practices, festivals, and the role of shamans and other religious leaders. The interplay between traditional beliefs and modern influences is also analyzed to understand the adaptive strategies employed by the Kanwar people in response to external pressures and changing socio-economic conditions. This overview also addresses the challenges faced by the Kanwar tribe, including issues related to land rights, access to education and healthcare, and the impact of governmental policies and development projects. By employing a multidisciplinary approach that combines ethnographic fieldwork, historical analysis, and contemporary sociological theory, this study provides a holistic view of the Kanwar tribe’s current status and future prospects. The study aims to contribute to the broader discourse on indigenous communities in India, offering insights into the resilience and adaptability of the Kanwar tribe amidst the complexities of modernization and cultural preservation.

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Kanwar Tribe, Indigenous Communities, Sociocultural Practices, Economic Activities, Social Organization, Kinship Systems.

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  1. Choudhary, P. S. (1993) “Tribal Movements in India: A Historical Analysis.” Orient Blackswan, Hyderabad, p. 109-130.

2. Dubey, S. C., (1972) “Tribal Life in India: An Anthropological Overview.” National Book Trust, New Delhi, p. 45-60.
3. Government of India., (2011) “Census of India 2011: Scheduled Tribes.” Registrar General of India, New Delhi, p. 176-198.
4. Mehta, R. K. (2017) “Kanwar Tribes of Chhattisgarh: Traditional Practices and Modern Challenges.” Journal of Social Studies, Vol. 24, Issue 3, p. 211-232.
5. Mishra, K. K. (2009) “Economic and Social Structures of Tribes in Central India.” Tribal Research Institute Press, Ranchi, p. 89-112.
6. Patel, A. K. (2019) “Development and Displacement: The Kanwar Experience in Chhattisgarh.” Academic Publishers, Raipur, p. 67-88.
7. Sharma, J. P., (2011) “Sociology of Indian Tribes: A Comparative Perspective.”, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, p. 123-145.
8. Srivastava, N. R., (2014) “Kanwar Tribal Art and Craft: A Case Study.” Indian Anthropologist,    Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 91-103.
9. Tiwari, B. K. (2005) “Kanwar Tribes: Culture and Social Dynamics.” Chhattisgarh Tribal Research Institute,  Raipur, p. 34-50.
10. Verma, R. C. (1990) “Indian Tribes through the Ages.” Publications Division, New Delhi, p. 56-78.

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The most generally accepted concept is that culture is a key determinant of an individual’s ethical ideology, which affects an individual’s inclination to behave ethically. Cultural context is related to the society where individuals are raised in and at how the culture affects behavior. It incorporates values that are learned and attitudes that are shared among groups of people. It includes beliefs, meanings, customs, ideas, language, norms. Ethics refer to a set of principles or values that guide an individual’s behavior and decision-making, whereas social norms are unwritten rules or expectations of behavior within a particular society or group. Sociocultural context refers to the cultural and social environment that influences an individual’s perceptions and experiences, including traditions, values, and religious beliefs related to specific life events like pregnancy and childbirth. The present paper deals with some reflections on ethical and social standards in cultural context.

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Ethics, Sociocultural, Values, Environment.

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  1. Aça, Mehmet and Yolcu, Ali, Mehmet (2017) Implicit and Distorted Function in Folklore. Folklore/Literature, 23(90), 49-60.

2. Aça, Mehmet, (2018) Perception of Form/Sima in Traditional Turkish Worldview, East West Conference III. International Conference; The West of The East, The East of The West, Proceedings, p. 17-21, Ohrid-Macedonia.
3. Aça, Mehmet, (2017) Culture and Imposition: The Left Hand Taboo in Turkish Culture, International Conference: The West of The East, The East of The West Proceedings. Prague/Czechia 4 -6 July 2017, p. 205-2012.
4. Akturan, U. and Dinçer, D., Ethnography (2002) Qualitative Research Methods, T. Baþ and U. Akturan (Ed.), Seçkin Publishing, Ankara, 2013. And, Metin, Ritualden Drama Kerbelâ-Muharrem-Ta’ziye, Yapý Kredi Yayýnlarý, Ýstanbul.
5. Arseven, Ali D., Alan Araþtýrma Yöntemi, Gül Yayýnlarý, Ankara, 1993. Arslantürk, Zeki., (2018) Research Methods and Techniques, Çamlýca Publications, Istanbul, 2001. Aydýn, Nurþen. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Review, International Humanities and Social Science Review (IHSSR), Volume: 2 Issue: 2 Year: 2018.
6. Azadovski, Mark (2002) A Fairy Tale Mother from Siberia, trans. and foreword by: Ýlhan Baþgöz, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture Publications, Ankara.

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This analytical study explores the challenges and strategies for enhancing English language competency among undergraduate students from rural areas in Chhattisgarh, India. Despite significant efforts to improve English proficiency across the nation, rural regions still face unique obstacles that hinder language acquisition. These challenges include limited exposure to English, inadequate teaching resources, and socio-economic factors that contribute to a lack of language confidence. The study aims to investigate these issues through a comprehensive analysis of the current language competency levels among rural undergraduate students and to identify factors influencing their English learning experience. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through surveys, interviews, and assessments conducted with students and educators in rural colleges across Chhattisgarh. The findings reveal a gap in English language proficiency between rural students and their urban counterparts, primarily due to insufficient language immersion opportunities, traditional teaching methods, and the unavailability of qualified language instructors. Additionally, socio-economic constraints were found to impact students’ motivation and access to supplementary language learning resources, such as private tutoring or digital learning platforms. The study also evaluates various pedagogical interventions, including the introduction of technology-aided learning tools, English language clubs, and communicative language teaching techniques. The results suggest that these interventions can significantly improve language skills if implemented alongside teacher training programs and institutional support. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy changes, curriculum redesign, and targeted language development programs tailored to the specific needs of rural students. By addressing these factors, the study seeks to contribute to the ongoing efforts to bridge the language competency gap and empower rural students with the linguistic skills needed for academic and professional success.

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Rural Education, Undergraduate Students, Language Acquisition, Pedagogical Interventions, Language Immersion, Educational Policy.

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  1. Babu, R. (2013). “Socio-Economic Barriers to English Language Learning in Rural India: A Case Study.” International Journal of Rural Education and Development, 4(1), 45-58.

2. Ganapathy, M., & Vasudevan, H. (2015). “Challenges in Teaching English Language in Rural India: An Overview.” Journal of Language and Education Research, 8(2), 123-134.
3. Joshi, A. (2014). “Integrating Technology in English Language Learning for Rural Students: Opportunities and Limitations.” Journal of Digital Education, 7(1), 23-35.
4. Mishra, S. (2010). “Exploring English Language Learning Challenges in Rural Schools of India.” Educational Research and Reviews, 5(4), 207-219.
5. Patil, N. (2009). “Implementing Communicative Language Teaching in Rural Indian Classrooms: Lessons Learned.” Asian EFL Journal, 11(2), 56-68.
6. Rao, P. S. (2012). “Impact of Traditional Language Teaching Methods on Rural Learners’ English Proficiency.” Journal of English Language Teaching, 14(3), 67-78.
7. Sharma, R. (2008). “Review of Policy Initiatives for English Language Education in Rural Areas of India.” Indian Educational Policy Journal, 7(5), 101-115.

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The purpose of the study was to find out the effects of caste belongingness, locus of control and feeling of security on academic achievement of college level girl students. Locus of control scale constructed and standardized by Pal (1983)1 and Security-Insecurity Inventory constructed and standardized by Tiwari and Singh (1975)2 were administered on a sample of 100 S.C. and 100 non-S.C. girl students studying in T.D.C. Part-II in constituent college of Saran district under JP University, Chapra (Bihar). The results indicated that Non-S.C. students are significantly higher than S.C. students on academic achievement, internal locus of control and feeling of Security Internal locus of control and feeling of security improve academic achievement of subjects.

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Relationship, Identity, Vulnerability, Dalit.

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  1. Pal, Km Roma (1983): ‘Locus of Control Scale’, Agra Psychological Research cell, Agra, Volume 07, Issue 02, p. 61.

2. Tiwari, G. and Singh, H. M. (1975). ‘Security-Insecurity Inventory’, Agra Psychological Research Cell, Agra,  Volume 11, Issue 01, p. 19.
3. Mandelbabum, D.C. (1970): ‘Society in India’, Bombay, Popular.
4. Dubey, S.C. (1974) ‘Contemporary India and its modernization’, New Delhi, Vikas.
5. Mishra, G. and Tripathi, B. (1980):”Psychological Consequences of Prolonged Deprivation: National Psychological Corporation”,Agra.
6. Das, J.P. and Singh, P.S (1975) ‘Caste, Class and Cognitive competence’, India Educational Review, 10, 1-18.
7. Rotter, J.B. (1966): ‘Generalised Expectancies for Internal Vs External control of Reinforcement’, Psychological Monographs,  Volume 05, Issue 03, p. 37.
8. Rai, R.D. and Prasad, R. (1990): ‘A study of Academic Achievement and Attitude towards Untouchability of Harijan and Non-Harijan students’, Indian Psychological Review, 35(3-4), 19-25.
9. Johnson, B.L and Kikmann, P.R. (1975): “The Relationship between Recalled Parental Attitudes and Internal - External Control; Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 40-42.
10. Lef Court, H.M. (1982) ‘Locus of Control: Current Trends in Theory and Research: (3rd edi) Hillsdale, NJ, erlboum.

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In a just society, access to legal representation is a fundamental right, not a privilege reserved for the wealthy. However, many individuals and communities face significant barriers in accessing legal assistance, perpetuating inequality and injustice. Free legal aid programs aim to bridge this gap by providing pro bono services to those in need. This paper examines the critical role of free legal aid in promoting access to justice, addressing the legal aid gap, and empowering marginalized communities. It explores the history and evolution of free legal aid, its impact on social and economic outcomes, and the challenges and opportunities in delivering effective free legal aid services. The paper argues that free legal aid is essential for creating a more equitable society, promoting human rights, and upholding the rule of law. By highlighting best practices, innovative approaches, and policy recommendations, this paper aims to inform and inspire efforts to expand and strengthen free legal aid services, ensuring that justice is accessible to all.

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Legal aid, Human Right, Constitution, Laws.

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  1. Das, Bikram Kumar  (2017) Right to legal aid- Some truth, Some myth, Indian Bar Review, Volume XLIV (1).

2. Chatterjee, Ishiti (2015) Free legal aid as A Fundamental right in India: A reality or distance dream, Nyay Deep, Vol.15 issue 4, Oct 2015.
3. Constitution of India, 1950.
4. Das, B.K. (2016) Legal aid to Poor- A Constitutional mandate, Advoleram Journal of law, Vol 03, Issue-03, July- Sept. 2016.
5. M.H. Hoskot vs. State of Maharashtra AIR 1987 SC 1548.
6. Mukherjee, Roma (1998) Women, law & Free legal aid, Deep & Deep Pub., New Delhi.
7. National Legal Service Authority Act, 1987.

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भारतीय सामाजिक व्यवस्था में स्त्री और पुरुष दोनों की महत्ता समान रूप से स्पष्ट है। दोनों एक-दूसरे के पूरक हैं और दोनों के सहयोग से ही समाज की निरन्तरता संभव है जिसे प्रकृति ने भी स्वीकृत किया है। समाज में जितनी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका पुरुष की है, उतनी ही महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका महिला की भी होती है। देश की सामाजिक परिस्थितियांे, मान्यताओं और परंपराओं के कारण ग्रामीण महिलाओं के योगदान को न तो पुरुषों के समान महत्व दिया गया और न ही समान अवसर प्रदान किया गया। ऐतिहासिक प्रमाणों से यह बात स्पष्ट है कि जीवन के लिए आवश्यक वस्तुओं के आविष्कार में महिलाओं ने भी महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया है। गाँवों में महिलाएं हर क्षेत्र में पुरुषों के साथ बराबरी से कार्य करती है। कृषि के साथ-साथ घर का काम-काज, बच्चों का पालन-पोषण, पशुपालन से सम्बंधित कार्य, घर की साफ-सफाई और सजावट, परिवार के बड़े-बुजुर्ग और जरूरतमन्द सदस्यों की देखभाल का कार्य तथा अन्य अनेक कार्यों को करती है। इसके बावजूद उनके इन कार्याे की अनदेखी की जाती है तथा उनके साथ असमानता का व्यवहार किया जाता है। महिला के प्रति समाज में लिंग के आधार पर भेदभाव को जेंडर असमानता कहा जाता है जिसका कारण जैविक या शारीरिक न होकर सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक होता है। भारत मूलतः गावों का देश है इसलिए जब ग्रामीण विकास की बात होती है तो यह जेंडर असमानता उसे प्रभावित करती है। भारतीय समाज में प्रचलित पितृसत्तात्मक व्यवस्था इस जेंडर असमानता को सशक्त आधार प्रदान करती है। इस तरह जब महिलाओं को विकास की मुख्य धारा में देखना है, तो उन्हे सशक्त, सजग एवं समान अवसर प्रदान कर जेंडर असमानता को दूर करना होगा। इस दिशा में नगरों में तो परिवर्तन दिखायी देता है परन्तु ग्रामीण महिला ऐसे परिवर्तन को पूरी तरह स्वीकार नहीं कर पायी है। प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र में ग्रामीण महिलाओं में जेंडर असमानता की स्थिति पर प्रकाश डालने का प्रयास किया गया है।

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पितृसत्तात्मक व्यवस्था, जेंडर, सेक्स परिवर्तन, स्तरीकरण, संस्कृति, समाजीकरण.

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  1. सिंह, जे.पी. (2016) आधुनिक भारत में सामाजिक परिर्तन, पी.एच.आई. लर्निंग प्राइवेट लिमिटेड, देलही-110092, पृ. 274।

2. श्री दुर्गासप्तशती, गीताप्रेस गोरखपुर पृ. 161, 191-192।
3. ग्लोबल जेंडर गैप रिपोर्ट (2024) WEF, 14 जुलाई 2024।
4. ओकले, ऐन (1972) सेक्स जेण्डर एण्ड सोसाइटी, एशगेट पब्लिशिंग लिमिटेड, इंग्लैंड, ISBN . 9781472453532 (hbk).
5. सिंह, अरुण कुमारी (2003) जेण्डर की अवधारणाः एक विश्लेषणात्मक दृष्टिकोण, रिसर्च लिंक, वर्ष-2, अंक-8, सितम्बर-नवम्बर, पृ. 50-64।
6. गौड़, वंदना (2009) आधुनिक सामाजिक व्यवस्था में लिंग के आधार पर सामाजिक स्तरीकरण, समाज कल्याण, वर्ष-54, अंक-8, मार्च पृ. 10-11।
7. त्रिपाठी, मधुसूदन एवं आदर्श कुमार (2012) लिंगीय समाजशास्त्र, ओमेगा पब्लिकेशन, नई दिल्ली।
8. भसीन, कमला (2000) भला यह जेंडर क्या है?, जागोरी पब्लिकेशन, 1 जनवरी 2000, नई दिल्ली। 
9. भारत की जनगणना रिपोर्ट, 2011।

 


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The Artificial Intelligent (AI) tools are being used in Education and they are found to have a significant impact on learning experiences and outcomes. This review aims at highlighting the recent advances in artificial intelligence tools and their implications for better practices and future research. Relevant articles on AI in education, specifically those describing the integration of AI tools was extracted from the SCOPUS database. Some of the most recent studies (from 2020 to 2023) were comprehended for subsequent analysis. The result suggests that implementation of cognitive tutors, the interactive learning environments aided by intelligent tutoring systems, improves overall learning outcomes. Although there exists an inherent challenge of equalizing instructional assistance and self-directed learning in AI-driven tools, but overall AI tools in higher education provide numerous advantages at the institutional, social, and instructional levels. Tools like ChatGPT have been regarded as the Disruptive AI tool which incorporates major challenges such as job displacement concerns and the need for constant adaptation. Ethical considerations and competencies related to AI-based tools in education are being assessed, which pin-points the importance of strong ethical frameworks, as well as the critical role of educators and professionals in responsible AI use. A responsible AI use is crucial for maintaining a mutual relationship between human skills and technological advancement. Overall, this review summarizes recent advances in the use of artificial intelligence tools to revolutionize education, emphasizing the importance of ongoing research, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and careful implementation.

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Artificial intelligence, Cognitive tutors, ChatGPT, AI Literacy, Social Robots.

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  1. Adams, D., & Chuah, K. M. (2022). Artificial Intelligence-Based Tools in Research Writing. Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education, 169-184 http://doi.org/10.1201/9781003184157-9, Accessed on 26/02/2024.

2. Azevedo, R., Bouchet, F., & Duffy, M. (2022). Lessons Learned and Future Directions of MetaTutor: Leveraging Multichannel Data to Scaffold Self-Regulated Learning With an Intelligent Tutoring System. Frontiers in Psychology, 13,813632 http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813632, Accessed on 18/12/2023.
3. Baker, R. S., D’Mello, S. K., Rodrigo, M. M., & Graesser, A. C. (2010). Better to be frustrated than bored: The incidence, persistence, and impact of learners’ cognitive–affective states during interactions with three different computer- based learning environments. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 68(4), 223-241. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.12.003, Accessed on 29/03/2024.
4. Chen, L., Chen, P., & Lin, Z. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Review. Retrieved from http://doi.org/?10.1101/ACCESS.2020.2988510, Accessed on 26/02/2024.
5. Dao, L., Harmouch, S. S., Chin, A., Dao, T., Thian, Z., Chartrand-Lefebvre, C., & Cohen, J. P. (2022). Effect of an Artificial Intelligence Chest X-Ray Disease Prediction System on the Radiological Education of Medical Students: A Pilot Study .http://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.11.22277278, Accessed on 18/01/2024.
6. De Gagne, J. C. (2023). The State of Artificial Intelligence in Nursing Education: Past, Present, and Future Directions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064884, Accessed on 25/0/2024.
7. Dignum, V. (2021). The role and challenges of education for responsible AI. London Review of Education, 19 (1). http://doi.org/10.14324/LRE.19.1.01, Accessed on 29/03/2024.
8. Doroudi, S. (2022). The Intertwined Histories of Artificial Intelligence and Education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00313-2, Accessed on 25/12/2024.
9. Farhi, F., Jaljeli, R., & Hamdi, M. E. (2022). How do Students Perceive Artificial Intelligence in YouTube Educational Videos Selection? A Case Study of Al Ain City. City. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 17(22), 61-82. http://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i22.33447, Accessed on 26/02/2024.
10. Hannan, E., & Liu, S. (2023). AI: New source of competitiveness in higher education. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 33(2), 265-279. http://doi.org/10.1108/CR-03-2021-0045, Accessed on 18/12/2023.
11. Harry, A. (2023). Role of AI in Education. Interdiciplinary Journal and Hummanity (INJURITY), 2(3), 260-268. http://doi.org/10.58631/injurity.v2i3.52, Accessed on 03/03/2024.
12. Istenic, A., Bratko, I., & Rosanda, V. (2021). Pre-service teachers’ concerns about social robots in the classroom: A model for development. Education & Self Development, 16(2), 60-87. http://doi.org/10.26907/esd.16.2.05, Accessed on 26/02/2024.
13. Kobis, L., & Mehner, C. (2021). Ethical Questions Raised by AI-Supported Mentoring in Higher Education. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 4,624050 http://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2021.624050, Accessed on 29/03/2024
14. Koedinger, K. R., & Aleven, V. (2007). Exploring the Assistance Dilemma in Experiments with Cognitive Tutors. Educational Psychology Review, 19(3), 239-264. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-007-9094-0, Accessed on 26/02/2024.
15. Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., & Chocksathaporn, P. (2023). The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching, 6(1), 64-74. http://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32, Accessed on 18/03/2024.
16. Lukianets, H., & Lukianets, T. (2023). Promises and Perils of Ai Use on the Tertiary Educational Level. Grail of Science, 25, 306-311. http://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science. Accessed on 18/03/2024.
17. Nazaretsky, T., Ariely, M., Cukurova, M., & Alexandron, G. (2022). Teachers’ trust in AI powered , Accessed on ??educational technology and a professional development program to improve it. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(4), 914-931. http://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13232, Accessed on 03/03/2024.
18. Nazaretsky, T., Cukurova, M., & Alexandron, G. (2022). An Instrument for Measuring Teachers’ Trust in AI-Based Educational Technology. LAK22: 12th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, 56-66. http://doi.org/10.1145/3506860.3506866, Accessed on 25/03/2024.
19. Park, W., & Kwon, H. (2023). mplementing artificial intelligence education for middle school technology education in Republic of Korea. International Journal of Technology and Design Education. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-023-09812-2, Accessed on 25/03/2024.
20. Sousa, M. J., Dal Mas, F., Pesqueira, A., Lemos, C., Manuel Verde, J., & Cobianchi, L. (2021). The Potential of AI in Health Higher Education to Increase the Students’ Learning Outcomes. TEM Journal, 488-497. http://doi.org/10.18421/TEM102-02, Accessed on 18/04/2024.

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महिला सशक्तिकरण एक गतिशील प्रक्रिया है जिसमें विभिन्न आयामों-सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक,       सांस्कृतिक, कानूनी, पारिवारि, पारस्परिक और मनोवैज्ञानिक शामिल है। महिला सशक्तिकरण कमजोर वर्गों की महिलाओं गरीब, हाशिये पर रहने वाली, पिछड़ी महिलाएँ विशेषकर आदिवासी महिलाएँ को सशक्त बनाने और सक्षम बनाने के रूप में समझा जा सकता है। महिला सशक्तिकरण का अर्थ है महिलाओं की भागीदारी उसके जीवन के निर्णय लेने और विकास से है। आदिवासी समाज में महिलाएँ अपने सामाजिक, आर्थिक, धार्मिक, राजनीतिक और     सांस्कृतिक जीवन में भूमिका निभाती हैं। आदिवासी समाज में लड़कियों और महिलाओं को पुरुषों के बराबर का दर्जा दिया जाता है। एक आर्थिक संपत्ति के रूप में. आदिवासी समुदाय की महिलाएं गैर-आदिवासी महिलाओं की तुलना में अधिक आनंद उठाती हैं। आदिवासी महिलाएं आर्थिक बोझ को साझा करने के साथ-साथ परिवार और समाज के हर फैसले में समान रूप से भाग लेती हैं। इस आधार पर आदिवासी महिलाएं हैं अपने समकक्षों से अधिक सशक्त हैं। भौतिकवादी विकास की दृष्टि से आदिवासी महिलाएँ आज भी शिक्षा और सभ्य जीवन स्तर से वंचित हैं। यह शोध पत्र विभिन्न स्रोतों से एकत्रित आंकड़ों के द्वितीयक स्रोतों पर आधारित है। प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र का उद्देश्य आदिवासी महिलाओं के सामने आने वाली चुनौतियों का पता लगाना और रणनीतियों पर चर्चा करना है जिस पर वे चुनौतियों से सफलतापूर्वक निपटने के लिए विचार कर सकें। अध्ययन से पता चलता है कि कम साक्षरता दर, शिक्षा की कमी और नई तकनीक के बारे में ज्ञान, संपत्ति के अधिकारों की कमी, कौशल और प्रशिक्षण की कमी, राजनीतिक भागीदारी की कमी आदि संसाधनों और प्रजनन अधिकारों पर पुरुषों का नियंत्रण आदिवासी महिलाओं के अशक्तीकरण के लिए जिम्मेदार है। सरकार (केंद्र और राज्य) ने महिलाओं को सशक्त बनाने के लिए विभिन्न कार्यक्रम चलाए हैं।

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आदिवासी, महिला, सशक्तिकरण, आर्थिक, सामाजिक.

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  1. आईपीसीसी (2007) जलवायु परिवर्तन पर अंतर-सरकारी पैनल, जिनेवा, स्विट्जरलैंड की चौथी मूल्यांकन रिपोर्ट।

2. वदूद और कुमारी, पी. (2008) कृषि पर जलवायु परिवर्तन का प्रभाव, आईएसपीआरएस, अभिलेखागार XXXVIII-8/W3
3. चक्रवर्ती, पी .जी. (2015) जलवायु परिवर्तन और सतत विकास, वैश्विक सतत विकास रिपोर्ट, ऑक्सफोर्ड, यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस।
4. क्रिश्चियन, डब्ल्यू. (2010) जलवायु परिवर्तन और सुरक्षा, वैश्विक चुनौतियों का एक संग्रह, प्रेजर, ऑक्सफोर्ड, यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, एशियाई।
5. कबीर, एन. (2001) संसाधन, एजेंसी, उपलब्धियांः महिला सशक्तिकरण के मापन पर विचार, SIDA में, महिला सशक्तिकरण पर चर्चा, सिद्धांत और अभ्यास, प्रेजर, कल्पज़ प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली।
6. सिंह, उमेश प्रताप एवं गर्ग राजेश कुमार (2005) महिला सशक्तिकरण- विभिन्न मुद्दे, अध्ययन पब्लिशर्स एंड डिस्ट्रीब्यूटर्स, नई दिल्ली, पुनः प्रकाशन 2012।
7. चक्रवर्ती, सौमित्रो; कुमार, अनंत और झा, अमर नाथ (2008) भारत में महिला सशक्तिकरणः मुद्दे, पालिका प्रकाशन, प्रेमकुंज, नई दिल्ली।
8. चौधरी, एस.एन. (2015) आदिवासी महिलाएं कल आज और कल, नई दिल्ली, रावत प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली।
9. ग्यारहवीं योजना के लिए महिला सशक्तिकरण पर कार्य समूह की रिपोर्ट, महिला एवं बाल विकास मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार।
10. भारत में अनुसूचित जनजातियों की सांख्यिकीय प्रोफाइल, मंत्रालयजनजातीय कार्य विभाग, सांख्यिकी प्रभाग, भारत सरकार।
11. भारत सरकार की जनगणना 2011।
12. डेटा हाइलाइट्सः अनुसूचित जनजातियाँ, भारत की जनगणना, 2011।
13. भारतीय महिलाओं की बदलती स्थिति 1977।
14. भारत की जनगणना, 2011

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Biodiversity is the lifeblood of any ecosystem because the more biodiversity is in the ecosystem, the healthier that ecosystem is and the more in balance. Generally, biodiversity refers to the diverse presence of plants, plants and animals in any ecosystem. Due to this, the food chain and energy flow continue smoothly and whenever its diversity decreases, the energy flow and food chain are bound there and due to this many animals and plants of that ecosystem are destroyed, due to which the animals and humans living there have to face a lot of problems. At present, due to industrialization and urbanization, materialistic thinking is being promoted in the world as well as in the India. Due to this, the tendency of luxury is also increasing among the people, so man is becoming more comfortable, due to which natural resources are being exploited rapidly, biodiversity has been threatened, along with this, conservation of biodiversity is absolutely necessary for the future generations of the India to get a healthy environment. What are the reasons for the decline of biodiversity in India? Several efforts are also being made by the Government in India to conserve biodiversity. All of them are described in this article. Before writing this article, researcher studied many books, papers, journals and research papers and tried to know what is the concept of biodiversity? Why is it necessary for India? How can it be preserved in India? Again, this article has been created with the aim of increasing awareness in this regard among the people and spreading its concept to the people in a simple form.

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Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Resources, Conservation, Urbanization, Industrialization.

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  1. Case Studies on GLOF and Associated Hazards in Nepal and Bhutan. Kathmandu: ICIMOD.

2. DDNEWS (2007) Melting of Shiva lingam in holy Amaranth cave. from http://www.ddinews.com, Retrieved July 29, 2007
3. Frontline: India’s National Magazine, Vol. 18 - Issue 07, Mar. 31 - Apr. 13
4. Gadgil, Madhav (2008) Biodiversity profile of India. from http: //www.biodiversiy.org. ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html. Accessed on 10/08/2008.
5. Handbook of Climate Change and India 1st Edition  2011.
6. IPCC (2007) Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of climate change. Inter-Governmental Panel on climate change (IPCC)
7. IRC (2002) Climate Change and the Indian Subcontinent: India Resource Center (IRC) from http://www.rediffnews.com. Accessed on 23/10/2002.
8. IUCN (2004) The IUCN Red list of Threatened species. Gland, Switzerland: The world Conservation Union.
9. Kumar, Kireet (2005) Receding glaciers in the Indian Himalayan region. Current Science, 88 (3): 10.
10. Lemoine, N. and Böhning-Gaese, K. (2003) Potential impactof global climate change on species richness of long-distance migrants. Conservation Biology 17(2):577-586.
11. Lonergan, S. (1998) Climate warming and India: In Measuring the Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture, edited by Dinar et al. Washington DC: World Bank. World Bank Technical Paper No. 402.
12. Mats Eriksson (2006) Climate change and its implications for human health in the Himalaya. ICIMOD Newsletter.
13. Maurya, S.D. & Maurya, R.K. (2018) Physical Geography and Physical Environment of India, Abhigyan International Lakno, Lucknow.
14. MOEF (2000) Annual Report 1999-2000, New Delhi: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
15. Myers, N., Mittermeier R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Da Fonseca, G.A.B. and Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403: 853-858.
16. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) Neeti Ayog.
17. NSE, News Scientist Environment (2006) A Special Report on climate change on Himalayan forest. http://www. News Scientist.com, Accessed on 18/10/2006
18. Pachauri, R.K. (2007) Fast melting Himalayan glaciers a great worry, http://www.rediffnews.com, Accessed on 26/11/2007, 16:11 IST.
19. Pandey, M. (2007) Global warming and their impact, http://www.earthmatters.org, Accessed on 18/10/2007.
20. Ravindranath, N.H. and Sukumar, R. (1998). Climatic change and tropical forests in India. Climatic Change, 39, 563-581.
21. Reginal Environmental Change (2023) 23:143.
22. Singh, Savindra (2020) Physical Geography, Prayag Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad. 

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यह शोध पत्र चंदौली जिले, उत्तर प्रदेश में महिलाओं पर महात्मा गांधी राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोजगार गारंटी अधिनियम (MGNREGA) के सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रभावों का गहन अध्ययन करता है। मनरेगा का उद्देश्य ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में रोजगार सृजन करना और ग्रामीण परिवारों की आर्थिक स्थिति में सुधार लाना है। यह अध्ययन विशेष रूप से महिलाओं के लिए इस योजना के परिणामों का मूल्यांकन करता है, जिनका अक्सर कार्यबल में हिस्सा सीमित होता है। इस अध्ययन के लिए मिश्रित-शास्त्रीय विधि का उपयोग किया गया, जिसमें 250 महिलाओं से डेटा एकत्रित किया गया। डेटा संग्रहण में संरचित प्रश्नावली और गहन साक्षात्कार दोनों शामिल थे। परिणामों के अनुसार, मनरेगा ने महिलाओं की आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता को बढ़ाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। लगभग 70 प्रतिशत महिलाओं ने बताया कि उनके परिवार की आय में वृद्धि हुई है, जिससे उनके जीवन स्तर में सुधार आया है। इसके अतिरिक्त, सामाजिक स्थिति में भी सुधार देखा गया है। महिलाएं अब अपने समुदायों में अधिक सक्रिय और सम्मानित महसूस करती हैं। हालाँकि, अध्ययन में यह भी पाया गया कि महिलाओं को वेतन असमानताओं और कार्य उपलब्धता की चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ता है। 60 प्रतिशत प्रतिभागियों ने संकेत दिया कि उन्हें पुरुषों की तुलना में कम वेतन मिलता है, जो कि उनके सशक्तिकरण के लिए बाधक है। इसके परिणामस्वरूप, यह अध्ययन इस बात पर प्रकाश डालता है कि महिलाओं के लिए मनरेगा की प्रभावशीलता को बढ़ाने के लिए लक्षित हस्तक्षेपों की आवश्यकता है, जैसे कि वेतन समानता सुनिश्चित करना और कौशल विकास कार्यक्रमों को लागू करना। 1. कुमार, ए.  एवं गुप्ता, एस. (2019) मनरेगा के माध्यम से महिलाओं का सशक्तिकरणः ग्रामीण भारत से साक्ष्य, ग्रामीण विकास का जर्नल, 38(1), 123-136।

2. शाह, ए. (2016) मनरेगा का आर्थिक प्रभावः महिलाओं के लिए एक केस स्टडी। भारतीय जर्नल ऑफ जेंडर स्टडीज, 23(2),  45-62।
3. ग्रामीण विकास मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार, (2023) MGNREGA वार्षिक रिपोर्ट।
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मनरेगा, महिला सशक्तिकरण, सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रभाव, चंदौली जिला, ग्रामीण विकास.

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सादत हसन मंटो, उर्दू साहित्य में एक प्रतिष्ठित लेकिन विवादास्पद व्यक्ति, अपने सामाजिक वर्जनाओं और मानव दुखों की निडर चित्रण के लिए प्रसिद्ध हैं, विशेष रूप से भारत और पाकिस्तान के विभाजन के बाद के संदर्भ में। प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र मंटो की कहानियों के गहरे प्रभाव की समीक्षा करता है, जिसे ‘अंधी समाज‘ के रूप में वर्णित किया जा सकता हैः एक ऐसा समाज जो अपनी नैतिक विफलताओं, सामाजिक अन्यायों और वह हिंसा जो वह बढ़ावा देता है, के प्रति अज्ञानी रहना चुनता है। विभाजन के आतंक, लिंग शोषण और सामाजिक पाखंड जैसे मुख्य विषयों की गहराई में जाकर, मंटो की कहानियाँ जैसे ‘‘टोबा टेक सिंह,‘‘ ‘‘खोल दो,‘‘ और ‘‘हातक‘‘ व्यक्तियों और समाज की संपूर्णता की नैतिक अंधता को उजागर करती हैं। उनके कार्य पाठकों को असहज वास्तविकताओं का सामना करने के लिए मजबूर करते हैं, मानवता के अंधेरे पहलुओं के सामूहिक इनकार पर प्रकाश डालते हैं। यह शोध पत्र तर्क करता है कि मंटो की कहानियाँ न केवल उनके समकालीन समाज की अंधता की आलोचना करती हैं, बल्कि आज भी प्रासंगिक हैं क्योंकि वे आधुनिक दर्शकों को असुविधाजनक सच्चाइयों का सामना करने के लिए चुनौती देती हैं।

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नैतिकता, सादत हसन, समाज, साहित्य.

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  1. जलाल, आयशा (2013) विभाजन की दयाः मंटो का जीवन, समय, और भारत-पाकिस्तान विभाजन के पार का काम, प्रिंसटन यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, यू. एस. ए.।

2. प्रिचेट, फ्रांसेस (2001) मंटोः उर्दू लघु कथा लेखक, कोलंबिया यूनिवर्सिटी, https://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/manto/toba.html, Accessed on 15/06/2024.
3. कुमार, सुकृति पॉल (2004) विभाजन की कहानीः ग्रंथ, व्याख्याएँ, विचार, इंडियालॉग पब्लिकेशंस प्राइवेट लिमिटेड, नई दिल्ली, भारत।
4. हसन, मुशिरुल (1995) भारत विभाजितः स्वतंत्रता का दूसरा चेहरा, रोली बुक्स, नई दिल्ली, भारत।
5. रूमी, रज़ा (2012) मंटो और विभाजन की एस्थेटिक्स, पेंगुइन बुक्स इंडिया, हरियाणा, भारत।
6. मंटो, सादत हसन (2008) कड़वा फलः सादत हसन मंटो की सर्वश्रेष्ठ रचनाएँ, अनुवादकः खालिद हसन, पेंगुइन इंडिया, हरियाणा, भारत।
7. दास, वीना (2007) जीवन और शब्दः हिंसा और साधारण में गिरावट, यूनिवर्सिटी ऑफ कैलिफ़ोर्निया प्रेस, ओकलैंड, कैलिफ़ोर्निया।
8. भल्ला, आलोक (2006) विभाजन संवादः खोए हुए घर की यादें, ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, नोएडा, उत्तर प्रदेश।
9. अलवी, हम्ज़ा (2000) भारत का विभाजनः सामाजिक-राजनीतिक प्रक्रियाओं का अध्ययन, पाकिस्तान विज़न, खंड 1, संख्या 1, पृ. 1-24।
10. शम्सी, मुनीज़ा (1994) मंटो की विभाजन कहानियाँः विपत्ति का एक दर्पण, वर्ल्ड लिटरेचर टुडे, खंड 68, संख्या 1, शीतकाल, पृ. 45-51।
 

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Population plays a vital role in determining the character of any region. Man was the pivotal point from which all other elements are observed and derive meaning and significance. (Trewartha, 1953). Thus it was population that furnishes the focus. Siwane Basin has a very phenomenal population growth, in the rural area, the population increase was normal but within 232 sq. km2 area of the Basin, evolution of large number of town urban population growth is phenomenal. The population of this area experienced a gradual increase in addition to the local growth of population due to high birth rate. But since the establishment of Ichak town, populations have phenomenally increased the population of the Basin.

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Population, Basin, Urban, Rural, Human Resource, Planning.

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  1. Golden, Hiltha, H. (1968) Literacy, International encyclopedia of the Social Science, Vol. 9, p. 412

2. Clarke, John. (1972) Population Geography, Peramon Press, Oxford
3. Chandan, R.C. (1986) A Geography of population, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, p. 161.
4. Mahto. N (2015)  Agricultural Development in Jharkhand, Rajesh Publications, New Delhi.                 p. 78-79.
5. Census of India, 2011
6. District Census Office, Hazaribag
7. District Profile, 2011, Hazaribag
8. District, Block office, Hazaribag
9. Trewartha, G.T. (1953) A case for population geography, World’s patterns annals of the association of American Geographers,Vol. 43, p. 71

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खनन, मानव के विभिन्न प्राथमिक क्रियाकलापों में से एक है। झारखंड के दामोदर नदी घाटी में कोयला का वृहद भंडार है जिसके कारण इसे ‘भारत का रूर प्रदेश‘ कहा जाता है। इसी नदी घाटी क्षेत्र में हजारीबाग जिला के अंतर्गत बड़कागांव प्रखंड की अवस्थिति है जहां हाल के वर्षों में कई खनन कंपनियों द्वारा बड़कागांव में चिन्हित खनन केन्द्रो में पकरी- बरवाडीह में खनन कार्य किया जा रहा है। शोधपत्र का मुख्य उद्देश्य विस्थापन एवं पुनर्वास जैसी समस्याओं को जानना है। शोध कार्य में तार्किक परिणाम हेतु प्राथमिक एवं द्वितीयक आंकड़ों का संग्रहण व विश्लेषण किया गया है। विस्थापन एवं पुनर्वास हेतु अनुसूची विधि से आंकड़ों का संग्रहण एवं द्वितीयक आंकड़ों में समाचार-पत्र, पत्रिकाओं से प्राप्त सूचनाओं के आधार पर विवरणात्मक विधि से विश्लेषण किया गया है। प्राप्त आंकड़ों की सहायता से देखा गया कि आशा के अनुरूप विस्थापित लोगों के पुनर्वास की व्यवस्था नहीं हुई है। शोधपत्र के माध्यम से विस्थापन एवं पुनर्वास की ओर ध्यान आकृष्ट करना है, ताकि भविष्य में इस पर सुधार हो सके और राज्य व केंद्र सरकार के विभिन्न योजनाओं द्वारा आम लोगों की समस्या का समाधान किया जा सके।

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खनन, विस्थापन, पुनर्वास, भूमि उपयोग, प्राकृतिक संसाधन, पर्यावरण.

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  1. सिंह, जगदीश एवं सिंह, काशीनाथ (2005) आर्थिक भूगोल के मूल तत्व, ज्ञानोदय प्रकाशन, गोरखपूर।

2. सिंह, सरोज कुमार (2015) झारखण्ड प्रदेश की भौगोलिक व्याख्या, राजेश पब्लिकेशन, नई दिल्ली।
3. सिंह, राजू (2016) विकास, विस्थापन और पुनर्वास, रावत पब्लिकेशन, नई दिल्ली।
4. तिवारी, राम कुमार (2017) झारखण्ड का भूगोल, राजेश पब्लिकेशन, नई दिल्ली।
5. Areeparapil, M.SJ. (1995) Displacement due to mining in Jharkhand in Mining Environment, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi.
6. Singh, R. (2016) Development, Displacement and Rehabilitation, Rawat Publication, New Delhi.
7. Pani, N.; Nayak, S.R.; Chodhuri, P. (2016) Displacement and Rehabilitation, Kalpaz Publication, Delhi.
8. NTPC Yearly Report.- 2018.
9. JSAC. Panchayat.gov, Accessed on 24/04/2022.

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The increasing pursuit of career success among independent women has brought significant advancements in professional and personal spheres. However, the pressure to maintain high performance in the workplace, alongside societal expectations, can contribute to various mental health challenges. This paper explores the mental health impacts of career-driven lifestyles among independent women, focusing on issues such as stress, anxiety, burnout, and work-life imbalance. By examining both internal and external stressors, the study aims to identify coping mechanisms and support systems that can alleviate mental health concerns. This research also discusses the importance of fostering a supportive work environment and promoting mental well-being for sustained career success and personal fulfillment. Insights from this study could guide employers, policymakers, and mental health professionals in creating a more balanced approach to career development for women.

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Mental Health, Independent Women, Stress, Anxiety, Burnout.

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  1. Alexander, Anne (2007) The Mindful Woman: How to Find Your Balance and Reduce Stress, Rodale Books ,  America.

2. Davar, Bhargavi V. (1998) Mental Health of Indian Women: A Feminist Agenda,  SAGE Publications, California.

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Domestic violence is a critical societal issue that affects individuals and families across all demographics. Social workers play a vital role in both the prevention of domestic violence and the provision of support to victims. This paper explores the multifaceted responsibilities of social workers in addressing domestic violence, including risk assessment, crisis intervention, advocacy, and the development of safety plans. It also examines the challenges faced by social workers, such as resource limitations and navigating complex legal systems. By highlighting best practices and effective strategies, this paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on domestic violence prevention and support. The paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing the capacity of social workers in this field to better serve affected individuals and communities.

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Domestic Violence, Social Work, Prevention, Crisis Intervention, Risk Assessment, Safety Planning.

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  1. Campbell, J. C. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet, 359 (9314), 1331-1336.

2. Shepard, M. F. & Pence, E. L. (1999). Coordinating community responses to domestic violence: Lessons from Duluth and beyond. Sage Publications.
3. Tjaden, P. & Thoennes, N. (2000). Full report of the prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. National Institute of Justice.
4. World Health Organization. (2021). Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018. WHO.

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The paper explores the critical interrelationship between climate change and water security in India. With water being an essential yet vulnerable resource, climate change significantly impacts water availability and quality through disruptions in the hydrological cycle. India, already facing severe water scarcity, pollution, and water-related disasters, must implement comprehensive climate adaptation strategies to ensure water security. The study examines four key areas of adaptation: infrastructural and technological advancements, institutional and policy reforms, behavioral and social changes, and ecological and environmental considerations. Infrastructure upgrades, such as improved irrigation techniques, water recycling, and the development of smart technologies, are essential for reducing water wastage. Institutional reforms are needed to streamline water governance, enhance transparency, and ensure water policy integration. Social awareness and behavioral changes, including water conservation efforts, can help communities adapt better to climate change. Ecological solutions like ecosystem conservation and pollution control also provide sustainable methods to ensure water security. The paper emphasizes the importance of integrating these strategies for India's current and future water challenges, offering recommendations for policy and practice.

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 Climate, Hydrological Cycle, India, Water Scarcity, Ecological Solutions, Institutional Reforms.

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  1. Annamalai, H.; Hamilton, K.; Sperber, K.R. (2007) The South Asian summer monsoon and its relationship with ENSO in the IPCC AR4 simulations. Journal of Climate 20: 1071-1092. 

2. Apurv, T.; Mehrotra, R.; Sharma, A.; Goyal, M.K.; Dutta, S. (2015) Impact of climate change on floods in the Brahmaputra basin using CMIP5 decadal predictions. Journal of Hydrology, 527: 281-291. 
3. Archer, D.R.; Forsythe, N.; Fowler, H.J.; Shah, S.M. (20100 Sustainability of water resources management in the Indus Basin under changing climatic and socioeconomic conditions. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14: 16691680.
4. Chilton, P.J.; Jamieson, D.; Abid, M.S.; Milne, C.J.; Ince, M.E.; Aziz, J.A. (2001) Pakistan water quality mapping and management project. Scoping study – draft final report May 2001. London, UK: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM); Leicester, UK: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University.
5. Chinnasamy, P.; Maheshwari, B.; Prathapar, S. (2015) b. Understanding groundwater storage changes and recharge in Rajasthan, India through remote sensing. Water 7(10): 5547-5565. Chinnasamy, P.; Misra, G.; Shah, T.; Maheshwari, B.; Prathapar, S. 2015c. Evaluating the effectiveness of water infrastructures for increasing groundwater recharge and agricultural production–A case study of Gujarat, India. Agricultural Water Management 158: 179-188.
6. CWC (Central Water Commission) (2008) Preliminary consolidated report on effect of climate change on water resources. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India; Central Water Commission (CWC), National Institute of Hydrology.
7. Gautam, M.R.; Timilsina, G.R.; Acharya, K. (2013) Climate change in the Himalayas: Current state of knowledge. Policy Research Working Paper No. 6516. Washington, DC: World Bank.
8. Gautam, R.; Hsu, N.C.; Lau, K.M.; Tsay, S.C.; Kafatos, M. (2009) Enhanced pre-monsoon warming over the HimalayanGangetic region from 1979 to 2007. Geophysical Research Letters 36(7): L07704. 
9. Mirza, M.M.Q. (2011) Climate change, flooding in South Asia and implications. Regional Environmental Change 11(Supplement 1): 95-107. 
10. Mirza, M.M.Q.; Dixit, A.; Nishat, A. (Eds.) (2003) Flood problem and management in South Asia. Springer.

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Climate change and artificial intelligence (AI) are two of the most important and interrelated topics of the 21st century. Climate change poses significant risks and threats to the environment, society, and economy of the world, and requires urgent and ambitious action to mitigate and adapt to its impacts. AI is one of the most promising and powerful technologies that can help address the climate change challenge by providing various applications and solutions for mitigation and adaptation. In this research paper, researcher discuss four aspects of AI applications for climate change mitigation and adaptation: energy, transportation, agriculture, and disaster prevention and response. Researcher provide some examples and evidence from the web sources to support the claims. Researcher also summarize the main points and arguments of the research paper and provide some recommendations or suggestions for future action or research. Researcher argue that AI and climate change are not only challenges, but also opportunities for innovation and collaboration, as well as ethical and social issues and risks, that require the development and implementation of appropriate and responsible policies and regulations, as well as the engagement and empowerment of the people and communities. Researcher conclude that AI and climate change are not mutually exclusive, but mutually reinforcing, and should be integrated and aligned in the global and regional agendas and initiatives, as well as the national and local, plans and policies, sectors and domains, and people and communities. In this research paper, researcher will discuss four aspects of AI applications for climate change mitigation and adaptation: energy, transportation, agriculture, and disaster prevention and response. Researcher will provide some examples and evidence from the web sources to support the claims. Researcher will also summarize the main points and arguments of the research paper and provide some recommendations or suggestions for future action or research.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Climate, Environment, Society.

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  1. Bengio, Y., Bengio, E., Deleu, T., Rahaman, N., Ke, N. R., Lachapelle, S., & Lacoste-Julien, S. (2020). Machine learning for the climate crisis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.16222.

2. Chakraborty, S., & Maity, S. K. (2020). Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in climate change: A systematic review. Environmental Research, 191, 110163.
3. Chen, Y., Yu, F. R., Liu, M., Leung, V. C., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Machine learning for vehicular networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19(4), 2691-2726.
4. Kamilaris, A., & Prenafeta-Boldú, F. X. (2018). A review of the use of convolutional neural networks in agriculture. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 156(3), 312-322.
5. Liu, Z., Luo, P., Wang, X., & Tang, X. (2015). Deep learning face attributes in the wild. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision, p. 3730-3738.
6. Mago, V. K., Morden, H. K., Fritz, C., Wu, T., Namazi, A., Geranmayeh, P., & Dabbaghian, V. (2018). Artificial intelligence and machine learning to fight climate change. AI Matters, 4(3), 19-36.
7. Rasp, S., Pritchard, M. S., & Gentine, P. (2018). Deep learning to represent subgrid processes in climate models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(39), 9684-9689.
8. Rolnick, D., Donti, P. L., Kaack, L. H., Kochanski, K., Lacoste, A., Sankaran, K., & Luccioni, A. (2019). Tackling climate change with machine learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.05433.
9. Yuan, J., Li, Z., & Zhang, C. (2018). A survey on real-time crowd analysis based on video sequences. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 32(09), 1855014.
10. Zhang, L., Wang, S., & Liu, B. (2018). Deep learning for sentiment analysis: A survey. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 8(4), e1253.
11. Zhang, Z., & Sabuncu, M. R. (2018). Generalized cross entropy loss for training deep neural networks with noisy labels. In Advances in neural information processing systems p. 8778-8788.

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Neem (Azadirachta indica), often referred to as the “miracle tree,” is renowned for its wide array of medicinal properties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the chemical constituents of neem and their effects on the human body. Key compounds such as azadirachtin, nimbin, and quercetin are examined for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. The review highlights the potential of neem-derived substances in therapeutic applications and discusses the need for further research to understand their mechanisms of action and long-term effects fully.

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Neem, Chemistry, Biological Impact, Human Body.

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  1. Biswas, K.; Chattopadhyay, I.; Banerjee, R. K. & Bandyopadhyay, U. (2002). Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Current Science, 82(11), 1336-1345.

2. Govindachari, T. R.; Sandhya, G. & Ganesh, R. (1998). Chemical examination of certain insecticidal isolates of neem. Journal of Natural Products, 61(6), 649-652.
3. Jagetia, G. C. & Rajanikant, G. K. (2004). Role of curcumin, a naturally occurring phenolic compound of turmeric, in accelerating the repair of excision wound in mice whole-body exposed to various doses of gamma-radiation. Journal of Surgical Research, 120(1), 127-138.
4. Koul, O.; Shankar, J. S. & Tandon, S. (1990). Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of neem extracts on Spodoptera litura and Achaea janata larvae. Journal of Biosciences, 15(4), 319-331.
5. Subapriya, R. & Nagini, S. (2005). Medicinal properties of neem leaves: A review. Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Cancer Agents, 5(2), 149-156.
6. Talwar, G. P.; Raghuvanshi, P.; Misra, R.; Mukherjee, S.; Shah, S. & Chabra, R. (1997). Plant immunomodulators for termination of unwanted pregnancy and for contraception and reproductive health. Immunology and Cell Biology, 75(2), 190-192.
7. Van der Nat, J. M.; Van der Sluis; W. G., De Silva, K. T. D.;; Labadie, R. P. (1987). Ethnopharmacognostical survey of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 19(2), 125-131.

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गोस्वामी तुलसीदास जी ने कहा है कि ‘रामहि केवल प्रेम पियारा‘। राम को केवल प्रेम प्रिय है श्री राम का प्रेम सबको वशीभूत कर लेता है। ‘राम‘ एक भारतीय शब्द है और हिन्दू कथा के नायक के रूप में स्थापित है। फारसी में भी ‘राम‘ मुहावरा बने, जिसकी अर्थ है राम करस, अर्थात्् किसी को वशीभूत करना अथवा अपना बना लेना।

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राम, रचनाकार, हिंदू, मुस्लिम.

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  1. दैनिक नवभारत, 21 अगस्त, 2012।

2 दैनिक नवभारत, 5 फरवरी, 2017।
3. दैनिक जागरण, 11 सितम्बर, 2009।
4. https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalam/muslim-news, Accessed on 02/07/2024.
5. https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalam/, Accessed on 03/07/2024.
 

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Carbohydrates, as essential biomolecules, play critical roles in biological systems and have significant industrial applications. This research paper delves into the chemical structure and classification of carbohydrates, their biological functions, and their importance in various industrial processes. Emphasis is placed on the molecular interactions, metabolic pathways, and the potential for future research in carbohydrate chemistry.

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Chemistry, Carbohydrates, Structure, Biomolecules.

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  1. Aider, M. (2010). Chitosan application for active bio-based films production and potential in the food industry: Review. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 43(6), 837-842.

2. Berg, J. M.; Tymoczko, J. L. & Stryer, L. (2012). Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman.
3. Linhardt, R. J. & Toida, T. (2004). Role of glycosaminoglycans in cellular communication. Accounts of Chemical Research, 37(7), 431-438.
4. Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. (2017). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman.
5. Pandey, M.; Debnath, M.; Gupta, S. & Chikara, S. K. (2011). Phytomedicine: An ancient approach turning into future potential source of therapeutics. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 3(1), 27-37.
6. Sahoo, N.; Manchikanti, P. & Dey, S. (2010). Herbal drugs: Standards and regulation. Fitoterapia, 81(6), 462-471.
7. Sharma, P. V. (1983). Dravyaguna Vijnana. Chaukhamba Bharati Academy.
8. Tharanathan, R. N. (2005). Starch value addition by modification. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 45(5), 371-384.
9. Varki, A.; Cummings, R. D.; Esko, J. D.; et al. (2017). Essentials of Glycobiology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
10. Voet, D.; Voet, J. G. & Pratt, C. W. (2016). Principles of Biochemistry. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, United States.
 

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पूरे जीवन काल को 100 वर्ष मानकर चार भागों में विभक्त किया गया था। ब्रह्मचर्य, गृहस्थ, सन्यास,तथा वानप्रस्थ आश्रम । प्रत्येक आश्रमों को 25- 25 वर्षों में विभाजित किया गया था, जिसमे ग्रहस्थ आश्रम दूसरा और जीवन काल में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण स्थान रखता है। इसी आश्रम में अन्य तीनों आश्रम का महत्त्व निहीत है। गृहस्थाश्रम युवक-युवतियो को परिणय सूत्र में बॉधकर भारतीय संस्कृति में वर्णित तीनों ऋण को (देव, ऋषि, पितृ) चुकाना एवं पंचमहायज्ञ करते हुए धर्म, अर्थ, काम इन त्रिवर्गो का उपयोग करते हुए सांसारिकता भी यहीं सिखता था। मनु ने गृहस्थ आश्रम में प्रवेश करने वाले व्यक्ति को ‘‘गृहपति’’ संज्ञा दी थी। बाणकालीन समाज में अधिकांशतः विवाह माता-पिता की आज्ञा से होता था। इस प्रकार के विवाह का उल्लेख हर्षचरितम् में मिलता है। मनुस्मृति में कहा है कि जैसे सम्पूर्ण जीव वायु के आश्रय में जीते हैं वैसे ही गृहस्थ के आश्रय से अन्य आश्रम चलते हैं। अतः गृहस्थ जीवन सर्वश्रेष्ठ है।

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बाणभट्ट, गृहस्थाश्रम, जीवन, समाज.

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  1. अग्रवाल, वासुदेवशरण (1969) पाणिनीकालीन भारतवर्ष, चौखम्बा विघाभवन, वाराणसी, द्वितीय संस्करण, पृ. 96।

2. बाणभट्ट (1972) हर्षचरितम्, चौखम्बा विद्याभवन, वाराणसी, तृतीय संस्करण, पृ. 241।
3. अग्रवाल, वासुदेवशरण (1970) कादम्बरी एक सांस्कृतिक अध्ययन, चौखम्बा विद्याभवन, वाराणसी, द्वितीय संस्करण, पृ. 149।
4. बाणभट्ट (1972) हर्षचरितम्, चौखम्बा विद्याभवन, वाराणसी, तृतीय संस्करण, पृ. 240-241।
5. बाणभट्ट (1972) हर्षचरितम्, चौखम्बा विद्याभवन, वाराणसी, तृतीय संस्करण, पृ. 241।
6. बाणभट्ट (1972) हर्षचरितम्, चौखम्बा विद्याभवन, वाराणसी, तृतीय संस्करण, पृ. 257।
7. बाणभट्ट (1972) हर्षचरितम्, चौखम्बा विद्याभवन, वाराणसी, तृतीय संस्करण, पृ. 305।

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This study aims to illuminate the impact of digital advancement on adolescent’s life. The main focus is on different domains of health including physical, social and mental health. This paper enlightens that how excessive usage of smart devices is impacting the physical health, social health, mental health and dietary lifestyle of adolescents. Digital Advancement have changed the society a lot and have impacted people especially adolescents. Though today’s adolescents are more advanced and digital friendly than their previous generation but physical and mental decline is also a brutal fact that has engrossed adolescents into its grip. The need of the hour is to limit the digital usage among adolescents and protect their health. Different lifestyle practices such healthy diet, physical exercise, social interaction and getting sufficient sleep helps adolescents to remain free from different health ailments but these healthy activities are no longer daily activities and as a result the health and well-being of adolescents are affected. 

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Impact, Smart devices, Technology, Digital advancement, Health, Adolescents.

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  1. Al-Khlaiwi, T. & Meo, S. A. (2004). Association of Mobile Phone Radiation with Fatigue, Headache, Dizziness, Tension and Sleep Disturbance in Saudi Population. Saudi medical journal, 25(6), 732–736.

2. Anderson, S. E. & Whitaker, R. C. (2010). Household Routines and Obesity in US Preschool-Aged Children. Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 125(3), 420–428. 
3. Bellissimo, N.; Pencharz, P.B.; Thomas, S. G. & Anderson, G. H. (2007). Effect of Television Viewing at Mealtime on Food Intake after a Glucose Preload in Boys. Pediatric Research, 61, p.745–749.
4. Beth, M.R.M. (2021). Physical and Mental Health Impact of Smart Devices and Social Media Usage among Children and Adolescents – A Review, IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science, Vol. 10, Issue 1 Ser. IV (Jan. – Feb. 2021), p. 52-56.
5. Cooper, G. D.; Clements, P. T. & Holt, K. E. (2012). Examining Childhood Bullying and Adolescent Suicide: Implications for School Nurses. The Journal of school nursing: the official publication of the National Association of School Nurses, 28(4), 275–283. 
6. Daine, K.; Hawton, K.; Singaravelu, V.; Stewart, A.; Simkin, S. & Montgomery, P. (2013). The Power of the Web: a Systematic Review of Studies of the Influence of the Internet on Self-Harm and Suicide in Young People. PloS one, 8(10), e77555.
7. Hassan, M.B.;  Luaibi, N. F.; S. I., & Abdulhussein, T. A. (2019). Impact of Smart Devices among Adolescents Life Style in Al Najaf Al Ashraf City. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology. Available at www.ijrasb.com Accessed on 21-08-2023.
8. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of suicide research: official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 14(3), 206–221. 
9. Hysing, M.; Pallesen, S.; Stormark, K. M.; Jakobsen, R.; Lundervold, A. J. & Sivertsen, B. (2015). Sleep and Use of Electronic Devices in Adolescence: Results from a Large Population-Based Study. BMJ open, 5(1), e006748. 
10. Jacob, L. Vigdor; Helen, F. Ladd & Erika, M. (2014). “Scaling the Digital Divide: Home Computer Technology and Student Achievement”. Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, 52(3), pp.1103-1119.
11. Jenaro, C.; Flores, N.; Gómez, M.; Gil, F. & Caballo, C. (2007).Problematic Internet and Cell-Phone Use: Psychological, Behavioral, and Health Correlates. Addiction Research & Theory.15 (3), p. 309-320.
12. Kibona, L. & Mgaya, G., (2015). Smartphones’ Effects on Academic Performance of Higher Learning Students. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology, 2(4), p.777-784.
13. Kwon, J. H.; Chung, C. S.; & Lee, J. (2011). The effects of escape from self and interpersonal relationship on the pathological use of Internet games. Community mental health journal, 47(1), 113–121. 
14. Lemola, S.; Gloor, N. P.; Brand, S.; Kaufmann, J. F. D. & Grob, A. (2015). Adolescents’ Electronic Media Use at Night, Sleep Disturbance, and Depressive Symptoms in the Smartphone Age. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(2), p.405-18.
15. Linebarger, D. L. & Piotrowski, J. T. (2009). TV as Storyteller: How Exposure to Television Narratives Impacts At–Risk Preschoolers Story Knowledge and Narrative Skills. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(1), p.47–69.
16. Odgers, Candice L. (2020). Adolescent Development and Growing Divides in the Digital Age. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 22(2): 143–149.
17. Rather, M. K. & Rather, M. K., & Rather, S.A. (2019). Impact of Smartphones on Young Generation. Library philosophy and practice, Available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/2384. Accessed on 23-8-2023, p. 1-9.
18. Ray, M. & Jat, K.R. (2010) Effect of Electronic Media on Children. Indian Pediatrics, 47, p.561–568.
19. Reid Chassiakos, Y. L.; Radesky, J.; Christakis, D.; Moreno, M. A.; Cross, C. & Council on Communications and Media (2016). Children and Adolescents and Digital Media. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162593.
20. Rideout, V.; Peebles, A.; Mann, S. & Robb, M.B. (2022) Common Sense Census: Media Use by Tweens and Teens, 2021.Common Sense; San Francisco, CA, USA.
21. Rose, N.N., Ishak, A.S., Sultan, N. H. H., Ismail, F. & Fahrudin, A. (2022). Effect of Digital Technology on Adolescents, Impact and Role of Digital Technologies in Adolescent Lives (1-18).
22. Shan, Z.; Deng, G.; Li, J.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Y. & Zhao, Q. (2013). Correlational Analysis of Neck/Shoulder Pain and Low Back Pain with the Use of Digital Products, Physical Activity and Psychological Status among Adolescents in Shanghai. PloS one, 8(10), e78109. 
23. Smith, A. ( 2012). The impact of mobile phones on People’s life, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, Washington.
24. Subrahmanyam, K.; Kraut, R. E.; Greenfield, P. M. & Gross, E. F.(2000).The Impact of Home Computer Use on Children’s Activities and Development. The Future of Children, 10(2), p. 123-144.
25. Tremblay, M. S.; LeBlanc, A.G.; Kho, M. E.; Saunders, T. S.; Larouche, R.; Colley, R. C.; Goldfield, G.; Gorber, S. C. (2011). Systematic Review of Sedentary Behavior and Health Indicators in School-Aged Children and Youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8:98.
26. Wu, Y.; Outley, C.W.; Matarrita-Cascante, D.; & Murphrey, T. (2016). A Systematic Review of Recent Research on Adolescent Social Connectedness and Mental Health with Internet Technology Use. Adolescent Research Review, 1, 153-162.

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This paper investigates the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices and consumer perception, with a specific focus on how CSR initiatives influence brand loyalty. As consumers become increasingly conscious of ethical practices, companies that actively engage in CSR can differentiate themselves in competitive markets. The study aims to understand the extent to which CSR activities impact consumer perceptions and how these perceptions translate into loyalty towards a brand. Explore this relationship, the research utilizes a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from surveys with qualitative insights from case studies of companies known for their robust CSR initiatives. The survey examines consumers’ awareness of CSR activities, their perceptions of the brand, and their loyalty intentions. Case studies provide contextual understanding by highlighting how companies effectively communicate their CSR efforts and how these efforts influence consumer behaviour. The findings reveal that CSR practices significantly enhance brand loyalty, particularly when consumers perceive these efforts as genuine and aligned with their personal values. Trust and brand image are identified as key mediators in this relationship, suggesting that CSR can strengthen consumer loyalty by fostering positive brand associations and reinforcing trust. The study concludes that CSR is not only a moral obligation but also a strategic tool that can drive consumer loyalty and contribute to long-term brand equity.This research contributes to the growing body of literature on CSR by providing empirical evidence on its impact on consumer behaviour, offering valuable insights for marketers, managers, and policymakers.

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Corporate Social Responsibility, Consumer Perception, Brand Loyalty, Consumer Behaviour, Brand Equity.

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  1. Arikan, E. & Guner, S. (2013). The impact of corporate social responsibility, service quality and customer-company identification on customers. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(5), 21-29.

2. Bhattacharya, C. B. & Sen, S. (2004). Doing better at doing good: When, why, and how consumers respond to corporate social initiatives. California Management Review, 47(1), 9-24.
3. Carroll, A. B. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4), 39-48.
4. Du, S.; Bhattacharya, C. B. & Sen, S. (2007). Reaping relational rewards from corporate social responsibility: The role of competitive positioning. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 24(3), 224-241.
5. Klein, J. & Dawar, N. (2004). Corporate social responsibility and consumers’ attributions and brand evaluations in a product-harm crisis. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21(3), 203-217.
6. Maignan, I. & Ferrell, O. C. (2004). Corporate social responsibility and marketing: An integrative framework. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(1), 3-19.
7. McWilliams, A. & Siegel, D. (2001). Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 117-127.
8. Porter, M. E. & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78-92.
9. Sen, S. & Bhattacharya, C. B. (2001). Does doing good always lead to doing better? Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 225-243.
10. Turker, D. (2009). Measuring corporate social responsibility: A scale development study. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(4), 411-427.

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भारत एक विविधतापूर्ण समाज है जहाँ जाति व्यवस्था का प्रभाव ऐतिहासिक और समकालीन राजनीति में अत्यधिक महत्वपूर्ण रहा है। जाति न केवल सामाजिक व्यवस्था को निर्धारित करती है, बल्कि इसका व्यापक प्रभाव राजनीतिक प्रक्रिया, नीतियों, और चुनावी गणित पर भी पड़ता है। इस लेख में हम भारतीय राजनीति में जाति की भूमिका का विश्लेषण करेंगे, जिसमें पारंपरिक दृष्टिकोण और आधुनिक परिवर्तनों पर विशेष ध्यान दिया जाएगा।

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भारत, राजनीति, समाज, परंपरा.

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  1. सिंह, गोपाल (2005) भारतीय समाज में जाति व्यवस्था, प्रकाशन विभाग, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 50-75।

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