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Publishing Year : 2023

June To August
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हाल के दशकों में महिलाओं का राजनीतिक सत्ता से संपर्क और नीतियों पर उनका प्रभाव बहुत बढ़ गया है। हालाँकि, महिलाएँ राजनीतिक वैधता के अपने प्रभाव और अभ्यास में पुरुषों के अनुपात में कहीं नहीं हैं, हालाँकि महिलाओं की भूमिका पर राजनीतिक सशक्तिकरण अनुसंधान जारी है। 1992 का भारत सरकार का राष्ट्रीय कार्यक्रम ‘पंचायती राज संस्थाएँ‘ अधिनियम राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर महिलाओं की राजनीतिक भागीदारी बढ़ाने के लिए एक उत्कृष्ट नीति तंत्र था। यह अधिनियम स्थानीय स्वशासन में महिलाओं के लिए 50ः आरक्षण सीटें प्रदान करता है, और इस प्रकार महिलाएँ राजनीतिक क्षेत्र में सत्ता प्राप्त करने में सक्षम थीं। इस नीति के माध्यम से, महिलाओं के लिए राजनीतिक क्षेत्रों में चुने जाने की अधिक संभावना है और इस प्रकार वे अपने संबंधित प्रशासनिक इलाके में कल्याण तंत्र में पहले की तुलना में अधिक भूमिका निभा सकती हैं। इस संदर्भ में, इस लेख का उद्देश्य पंचायत में महिलाओं के राजनीतिक सशक्तिकरण पर पंचायती राज संस्था नीति के महत्व का पता लगाना है। नीति के प्रभाव का पता लगाने के लिए, इस लेख ने छत्तीसगढ़ के बस्तर संभाग में जिले में निर्वाचित महिला प्रतिनिधियों से प्राथमिक डेटा एकत्र करके एक अनुभवजन्य अध्ययन किया। परिणामों से महिलाओं के राजनीतिक सशक्तिकरण और आदिवासी समाज में उनकी स्थिति में वृद्धि के महत्व का आकलन किया जा सकता है।

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 राजनीतिक वैधता, राजनीतिक भागीदारी, स्थानीय स्वशासन, आरक्षण सीटें, अनुभवजन्य अध्ययन.

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  1. लेविस, ऑस्कर (19958) गु्रप डायनामिक्स इन नार्थ इंडिया विलेजेसः ए स्टडी ऑफ फक्शन्सय प्रोग्राम इवेल्युएशन आर्गेनाइजेशन प्लानिंग कमीशन, नई दिल्ली। 

2. सिंह, बैजनाथ (1959) द इम्पेक्ट ऑफ द कम्यूनिटी डेव्हलपमेंट प्रोग्राम ऑन रूरल लीडरशिपः पार्क एण्ड टिंकर (सं.) लीडरशिप एण्ड पॉलिटिकल इन्स्टीट्यूशन्स, ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, मद्रास।
3. सिंह, अवतार (1963) लीडरशिप पैटर्न एण्ड विलेज स्ट्रक्चर, स्टर्लिंग, नई दिल्ली।
4. वैकटरंगैय्या, एम. एवं रामरेड्डी, जी. (1967) पंचायत राज इन आंध्रप्रदेश, स्टेट चौम्बर ऑफ पंचायत राज, हैदराबाद।
5. शाह, जी. (1975) पोलिटिक्स ऑफ शिड्यूल्ड कास्ट एण्ड ट्राइब्स वोरा एण्ड कं., बम्बई। 
6. मुखर्जी, आर.एन. (1975) भारतीय सामाजिक संस्थायें, सरस्वती सदन दिल्ली।
7. भार्गव, बी.एस. (1979) पंचायत राज सिस्टम एण्ड पॉलिटिकल पार्टीज, आशीष पब्लिशिंग हाऊस, नई दिल्ली। 

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 Women are source of nurture, sign of love, care and sacrifice but some time due to circumstances or greed or aggression, love, war, cheat, money etc. she may do wrong which is against law and they have to go through a long journey of judicial system in the under trial process and in prison. The prison system in criminal justice system was established to give some time to prisoner so they can correct their behavior, habits and suffer punishment and get rehabilitation for survival in main stream in their life after release from prison. The status of women prisoner are not good in India because they have to suffer gross violation of human rights in terms of food, health, security, safety, sanitation and hygiene, recreation, self respect, sexual and mental harassment etc. Thousands of women prisoners are living in without basic facilities which are needed to women for her biological behavior. Women prisoner are in pity condition they are forced to live in overcrowded prison cell or jail. They are living separately from their family members. Lots of space and money of authorities in India is spending on under trial prisoners, it should be reduce to remove the burden on exchequer. Under trial women prisoner should be rehabilited with protection of human rights. All the authorities of Criminal Procedure Code should work for the protection of justice because justice delayed is injustice and injustice with human being should not be done by any authorities.

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 Women in prison, criminal procedure code, justice, human right, rights

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  1. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1663341

2. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/13642987.2019.1663341?needAccess=true&role =button
3. ijcchalderjaiarticle.pdf
4. Right of Women in Prison - Indian Law Portal
5. (PDF) RIGHTS OF WOMEN PRISONERS IN INDIA: AN EVALUATION | GARPH Publication - Academia.edu
6. Rights of Women Prisoners in India by Pamini Kasera :: SSRNSSRN-id3621467.pdf
7. MergedFile (wcd.nic.in)
8. Women in Prisons — Vikaspedia, Women in Prisons — Vikaspedia - Search (bing.com)
9. Rights of prisoners and major judgments on it - iPleaders

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 The abstract of equable and inclusive education means that everyone should have the opportunity to learn and be included. It is important that all children are treated fairly and have access to education. In equable and inclusive education, all children are treated fairly and equally. This means that no one is left out or left behind. Every child is given the chance to succeed and reach their full potential. In this kind of education, schools also make sure to have resources and tools that are accessible to all students. This means that no one is left out because of their abilities or disabilities. Everyone has the same opportunities and access to the things they need to learn. Equable and inclusive education also means that every child is provided with the support they need to learn. Some children may need extra help or different ways of learning, and that’s okay. Teachers and schools make sure to give these children the support they need, so they can succeed just like everyone else. Equable and inclusive education is important because it helps create a fair and equal society. When everyone can learn and succeed, it makes the world a better place. It also teaches children important values like kindness, acceptance, and respect for others. In this type of education, teachers and schools make sure to create a welcoming and accepting environment for all students. They understand that everyone is different and unique, and they respect and celebrate these differences. They believe that everyone has something valuable to contribute and they encourage each student to share their thoughts and ideas.

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 Equable, Inclusive education, Learning for all.

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  1. Ainscow, M. (2020). Promoting inclusion and equity in education: lessons from international experiences. Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 6(1), 7-16.

2. Ainscow, M. (2020). Promoting inclusion and equity in education: lessons from international experiences. Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 6(1), 7-16.
3. Ainscow, M. (2014). From special education to effective schools for all: Widening the agenda. In Florian, L. (Ed.), The Sage handbook of special education (2nd ed., pp. 171–186). London, UK: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781446282236.
4. Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Equitable access to high-quality education: The California challenge. Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 25(14), 1-52.
5. Obiakor, F. E. (2011). Maximizing Access, Equity, and Inclusion in General and Special Education. Journal of the International Association of Special Education, 12(1).
6. Sailor, W. (2017). Equity as a basis for inclusive educational systems change. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 41(1), 1-17.
7. Shaeffer, S. (2019). Inclusive education: a prerequisite for equity and social justice. Asia Pacific Education Review, 20(2), 181-192.
8. Tan, T. (2019). Principles of Inclusion, Diversity, Access, and Equity. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 220 (Supplement_2), S30-S32. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz198
9. The Vernâ Myers Company. (2023). Retrieved 2 August 2023, from https://learning.vernamyers.com/
10. UNESCO. (2020). Education for people and planet: Creating sustainable futures for all.

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 In recent years, meditation-based approaches have been used in health and lifestyle interventions. Different kinds of meditation interventions have become very popular and are being tested in educational settings. Interventions related to physical activity have also been tested in a variety of settings.  The focus of reviews related to these studies has been more on the cognition, psychological and behavioural outcomes. This article aims to review studies on meditation & physical activity based interventions for the children of age range 6 to 18 years. Using the preferred reporting items for systematic review, electronic databases, including PsychINFO, ERIC, MEDLINE, and Pub Med were searched using keywords “mindfulness,” in addition to “schools,” or “students.”. Thirty papers were selected for inclusion that met the eligibility criteria. Out of the reviewed studies 75% percent of studies focuses on mindfulness meditation. Further review indicates that meditation-based interventions were more likely to be successful if these were physical activity-specific and targeted psychological factors like improvements in dietary behaviour, sleep quality & inactivity level. Though there are different types of eastern meditation practices that are being practiced for many years (viz. sahaj yoga, mantra meditation) and are reported on blogs, websites, and abstract books but lack in journal publications. The body of research shows a need for more methodologically rigorous studies to establish the effect of meditation on physical activity and to identify potential mechanisms involved in the meditation-physical activity relationship. Finally, it concludes by highlighting the problems that are needed to address to improve quality of research in this area.

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 Meditation-based interventions, Physical activity interventions, Schools, Psychological factors.

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2. Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077
3. Boreham C, Riddoch C. The physical activity, fitness and health of children. J Sports Sci. 2001 Dec;19(12):915-29. doi: 10.1080/026404101317108426. PMID: 11820686.
4. Bull, F. C., & Bauman, A. E. (2011). Physical inactivity: the “Cinderella” risk factor for noncommunicable disease prevention. Journal of health communication, 16 (sin 2), 13-26.
5. Britton WB, Lepp NE, Niles HF, Rocha T, Fisher NE, Gold JS. A randomized controlled pilot trial of classroom-based mindfulness meditation compared to an active control condition in sixth-grade children. J Sch Psychol. 2014 Jun;52(3):263-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2014.03.002. Epub 2014 Apr 27. PMID: 24930819; PMCID: PMC4060047.
6. Bei B, Byrne ML, Ivens C, Waloszek J, Woods MJ, Dudgeon P, Murray G, Nicholas CL, Trinder J, Allen NB. Pilot study of a mindfulness-based, multi-component, in-school group sleep intervention in adolescent girls. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2013 May;7(2):213-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012. 00382.x. Epub 2012 Jul 3. PMID: 22759744.
7. Chiesa A, Malinowski P. Mindfulness-based approaches: are they all the same? J Clin Psychol. 2011 Apr;67(4):404-24. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20776. Epub 2011 Jan 19. PMID: 21254062.
8. Carboni, J. A., Roach, A. T., & Fredrick, L. D. (2013). Impact of mindfulness training on the behavior of elementary students with attention- deficit/hyperactive disorder. Research in Human Development, 10(3), 234–251.
9. Crane RS, Brewer J, Feldman C, Kabat-Zinn J, Santorelli S, Williams JMG, et al. What defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft. Psychol Med 2016; 47: 990-999. 33 
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11. (DoHA) DoHaA: Australia’s Physical Activity Recommendations for Children and Youth. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2004.
12. Ding, D., Varela, A. R., Bauman, A. E., Ekelund, U., Lee, I. M., Heath, G., ...& Pratt, M. (2020). Towards better evidence-informed global action: lessons learnt from the Lancet series and recent developments in physical activity and public health. British journal of sports medicine, 54(8), 462-468 
13. Eisenmann JC, Welk GJ, Ihmels M, Dollman J: Fatness, Fitness, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007, 39(8), 1251–1256.
14. Francavilla, C., Lupia, M., Tsafou, K., Villa, A., Kowalczyk, K., Jersie-Christensen, R. R. & Cavallaro, U. (2017). Phosphoproteomics of primary cells reveals druggable kinase signatures in ovarian cancer. Cell reports, 18(13), 3242-3256.
15. Flook, L., Smalley, S. L.,Kitil,M. J., Galla, B. M.,Kaiser-Greenland, S.,Locke, J., &Kasari, C. (2010). Effects of mindful awareness practices on executive functions in elementary school children. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 26, 70–95.
16. Gilbert, D., & Waltz, J. (2010). Mindfulness and health behaviors. Mindfulness, 1 (4), 227-234.
17. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
18. Hayes SC. Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. BehavTher 2004; 35: 639-665. 
19. Joyce, A., Etty-Leal, J., Zazryn, T., & Hamilton, A. (2010). Exploring a mindfulness meditation program on the mental health of upper primary children: a pilot study. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 3, 17–25.
20. Kabat-Zinn J, Hanh TN. Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Delta 2009. 
21. Kabat-Zinn J. Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation for everday life. London: Piatkus 2004.
22. Kahlmeier, S., Wijnhoven, T.M.A., Alpiger, P. et al. National physical activity recommendations: systematic overview and analysis of the situation in European countries. BMC Public Health 15, 133 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1412-3 
23. Kuyken, W., Weare, K., Ukoumunne, O. C., Vicary, R., Motton, N., Burnett, R., & Huppert, F. (2013). Effectiveness of the mindfulness in schools programme: non-randomised controlled feasibility study.The British Journal of Psychiatry, 203, 126–131.
24. Klatt,M., Harpster, K., Browne, E.,White, S., & Case-Smith, J. (2013).Feasibility and preliminary outcomes for move-into-learning: an arts-based mindfulness classroom intervention. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8, 233–241.
25. Lagor, A. F., Williams, D. J., Lerner, J. B., & McClure, K. S. (2013). Lessons learned from a mindfulness-based intervention with chronically ill youth. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 1, 146.
26. Liehr, P., & Diaz, N. (2010). A pilot study examining the effect of mindfulness on depression and anxiety for minority children. rchives of Psychiatric Nursing, 24, 69–71.
27. Lau, N. S.,&Hue, M. T. (2011). Preliminary outcomes of a mindfulnessbasedprogramme for Hong Kong adolescents in schools: well-being, stress and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 16, 315–330.
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 A study was carried out to assess the quality of Leadership Effectiveness and Self Perception among students of Higher Education. The result indicates that their is the lack of Leadership Effectiveness and Self Perception among students. Many causes were underlined for the lack of these two qualities. Suggestions were given to improve these two qualities which are in accordance with NEP-2020. By achieving these two qualities the main objective of NEP- 2020 can be met.

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Higher, Education, Effectiveness, Students, Skills, Perceptions.

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  1. Bass , B. m., Theory of transformational leadership redux, The leadership Quarterly, 6(4) (1996), pp.463-478

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4. Bem., D.J. (1972) .” Self-Perception theory”. In L. Berkowitx (Ed.), Advance in Experimental Social B. psychology, vol.6 1-62, New York: Academic Press.
5. Bem., D.J. (1972) .” Self-Perception theory”. In L. Berkowitx (Ed.), Advance in Experimental Social B. psychology, vol.6 1-62, New York: Academic Press.
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19. Lepper, M.R. , Greene, D., S Nisbett, R.E. (1973). (Undermining Children’s intrinsic interest – with extrinsic reward: A test of the 0 verjustification hypothesis. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 28,129-137
20. Mendals , P. (2012). The effective Principal: 5 pivotal practices that shape Instuctional leadership . Jouranal of staff Development. 33(1)
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32. Tiee , D.M. (1993) . Self – Concept change and self-presentation: The looking glass self is also a magnifying glass. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63,435-451
33. Vincent, Grugulis S.  whose skill is it anyway? ‘Soft skills and polarization  – Work , employment and society,2009-journals .Sagepub.com
34. Wanted : Soft – Skills for today’s jobs B J Hirsch – Phi Delta Kappan, 2017- Journals . sagepub.com
35. Wats, M., Wats, R.K., Developing soft skill in students, International Journal of learning, 2009 –search.ebscohost.com 
36. Yavuz, O (2016). Educational Leadership and comprehensive Reform for improving Equality and Access for All. International Journal of Educational Policy and Leadership, 11(10), 1-21.
37. Yuki, G (2008). How leaders influences organizational effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly,19(6), 708-722

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 Interest-free banking is becoming more common, not just in Muslim-majority countries, but also in the West. If Islamic banking is to thrive in this intensely competitive business, it must be superior and more robust than other traditional banks. As a result, the concept of sustainable banking is seen to be relevant to how it runs. Opportunities abound in Islamic banking, the fastest-growing segment of the financial services business. Transparency, joint ventures, risk sharing, and ethical investing are core foci of Islamic finance, which appeals equally to Muslims and non-Muslims. Islamic banking is now one of the fastest growing capital market and international banking industries. Islamic finance has created a distinct, well-balanced system that adheres to Shariah regulations. Shariah governs all aspects of life in order to ensure a reasonable and equal distribution of wealth, the abolition of all forms of poverty, and the promotion of long-term growth. Islamic banks use two basic concepts for sustainability: institutional and welfare initiatives. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how interest-free banking is a breakthrough in Indian banking and how it encourages sustainability.

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 Resilience, Sustainability, Innovation, Interest Free and Welfare.

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  1. A. H., & S. S. ( 2010). Exploring corporate social responsibility disclosure: the case of Islamic banks. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management , pagg. 203–227.

2. A. J., M. N., P. A., J. M., R. B., & N. M. ( 2021). Alignment of islamic banking sustainability indicators with sustainable development goals: Policy recommendations for addressing the covid-19 pandemic». Sustainability (Switzerland), 1–38,.
3. Akhtar, S. ( 2008). Islamic finance: Sustainability and challenges. NBR Analysis , 15–24,.
4. Asutay, M. (2013). Islamic moral economy as the foundation of Islamic finance . Islamic Finance in Europe: Towards a Plural Financial system , 55–63.
5. Biancone, P. P. (2017). La banca islamica. G Giappichelli Editore , vol. 2.
6. C. M., H. F., & K. O.-Y. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance in Islamic banks. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization .
7. Dhuizii, H. (August, 2018). Financial Structure and Bank Profitability. Financial Structure and Economic Growth , 10.7551/mitpress/3001.003.0010.
8. Ellili, H. N. ( 2016). Corporate sustainability disclosure in annual reports: Evidence from UAE banks: Islamic versus conventional. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 1336–1341,.
9. Febrianti, I. M. (2017). Islamic Social Reporting in Islamic Banking: Stakeholders Theory Perspective. SHS Web of Conferences , 12001.
10. Gateway, S. (-2020-2021). Islamic finance to show low to mid single-digit growth in 2020-2021: S&P. Salaam Gateway - Global Islamic Economy Gateway .
11. J. Bebbington e J. Unerman. ( 2018). Achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , page. 2–24,.
12. Jan, A., Marimuthu, M., M, M. P., & M. I. (2019). The nexus of sustainability practices and financial performance: From the perspective of Islamic banking. Journal of Cleaner Production , page. 703–717.
13. Keeble, B. R. ( 1988). The Brundtland Report: “Our Common Future”. Medicine and War, , 17–25.
14. Marimuthu, A. J. (2015). «Sustainability Profile of Islamic Banking Industry: Evidence from World Top Five Islamic Banking Countries». International Journal of Economics and Finance , 125–139.
15. Saeed, M., Izzeldin, M., Hassan, M. K., & Pappas, e. V. (2020). «The intertemporal relationship between risk, capital and efficiency: The case of Islamic and conventional banks. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal.
16. Secinaro, S. (2017). Equity crowdfunding Sharia compliant. G. Giappichelli Editore .
17. Source: Refinitiv Islamic Finance Development Report 2021. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ftserussell.com/blogs/islamic-finance-converges-sustainability.
18. W. Leal Filho et al. (, 2018,). Reinvigorating the sustainable development research agenda: the role of the sustainable development goals (SDG). International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology , pagg. 131–142.
19. W. M., K. B., & e. J. (2015). How ethical is islamic banking in the light of the objectives of islamic law? Journal of Religious Ethics , pagg. 51–77.
20. Martínez-Solimán, M. (2017), Islamic Finance: An Innovative Avenue For Financing The Sustainable Development Goals.  
21. OECD (2020), How Islamic Finance Contributes to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
22. S&P Global Ratings (2022), Islamic Finance Outlook: 2022 Edition
23. Dinar Standard (2019), State of the Global Islamic Economy Report 2019/20: Driving the Islamic Economy Revolution 4.0

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 भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के नेताओं में महात्मा गांधी और नेताजी सुभाष चन्द्र बोस प्रमुख थे। दोनों ही व्यवहारिक आदर्शवादी थे। दोनों अपने विचारों को कार्यरुप में तब्दील करना जानते थे। गांधीजी के साथ संबंधों के संदर्भ में नेताजी बहुत सौभाग्यशाली नहीं थे। नेताजी के राजनीति में प्रवेश के काल से ही दोनों के मध्य मतभेद बने रहे। दोनों के बीच मतभेद का कारण अपनी-अपनी पष्ष्ठभूमि और अनुभव थे। आरम्भ मे ंतो मतभेद राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन की रणनीति को लेकर रहा था परन्तु आगे चलकर स्वतंत्र भारत के प्रस्तावित पुनर्निमाण के बुनियादी तत्वों को लेकर भी उभरे। दोनों का कार्य-प्रणाली भले अलग-अलग थे पर दोनों का लक्ष्य समान था। दोनों के बीच अनेक समानताएं भी थी।

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 व्यवहारिक आदर्शवाद, अहिंसा, सत्याग्रह, आन्दोलन, स्वतंत्रता, लोकतंत्र.

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  1. गुप्त, विश्व प्रकाश, गुप्त, मोहिनी, (2008) ’सुभाष चन्द्र बोसः व्यक्ति और विचार‘ राधा पब्लिकेशन, नई दिल्ली पृ. 261।

2. हरिजन, 2 अगस्त, 1942।
3. शरण, गिरिराज, (1982) ’सुभाष ने कहा था‘ प्रतिभा प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 50।
4. ग्रोवर, विरेन्द्र, (सं.) (1990) ’सुभाष चंद्र बोसः ए बायोग्राफी ऑफ हिज विजन एण्ड आइडियाज’ दीप एण्ड दीप पब्लिकेशन, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 302।
5. वही, पृ. 375-376।
6. अहलूवालिया, बी. के. एण्ड अहलूवालिया, शशि, (1982) ’नेताजी एण्ड गांधी’ इंडियन एकेडमिक पब्लिशर्स, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 219।
7. महात्मा गांधी ‘कलेक्टेड वर्क्स ऑफ महात्मा गांधी’ वो.-28 पब्लिकेशन डिवीजन सूचना व प्रसारण मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार, पृ. 311।
8. वही, वो.-36 पृ. 167।
9. वही, वो.-टप्प्प् पृ. 359-60।
10. वही, वो.-स्ग्ग्प्प्प् पृ. 264।
11. महात्मा गांधी, (1951) ‘मेरे समकालीन’ सस्ता साहित्य मंडल, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 392।
12. वही, पृ. 393।
13. वही, पृ. 394।
14. वही, पृ. 395।

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 Chhattisgarh has always been acknowledged for its outstanding and unbiased Hindi journalism. However, English journalism has also been here, albeit not in the thick of things, thanks to the initiatives taken by some of the very committed and knowledgeable journalists. Some of the journalists from the subsequent generation have been also contributing to English journalism apart from their contribution to Hindi Journalism. These journalists had been working and reporting for almost all the established National English Dailies since the early 70s. After the formation of Chhattisgarh as a separate state, more and more English newspapers like Hindustan Times, The Pioneer, The Times of India and Metro India have started their edition from Raipur.  In this changed scenario, a study of the growth prospects of English dailies must be done.

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 English Dailies, Journalism, Chhattisgarh, MP Chronicle, Hitavada.

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  1. Mukherjee Ravindranath, Research methodology, SBPD Publications, 2016.

2. Murthy MSN. History of Journalism, Arise Publishers & Distributors, 2008.
3. Kothari CR, Research Methodology, New Age International Publishers, 2019.
4. Wikipedia website.
5. www.centralchronicle.in
6. www.thehitavada.com

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 वर्तमान युग में मानव सामाज के सामने युवाओं की स्वाथ्य एक प्रमुख समस्या है। युवाओं को स्वास्थ्य मानसिक, प्रदाय करना माता-पिता एवं शिक्षण के लिए चुनौती पूर्ण है। युवाओं को शारीरिक मानसिक रूप से स्वस्थता प्रदान करने के लिए योग महत्वपूर्ण सहायक है। इसी आवश्यकता को ध्यान में रखते हुए शोध हेतु अग्रलिखित पहलू का चयन किया गया है। वर्तमान में योग शिक्षा की आवश्यकता एक अघ्ययन आज के परिवेश में अत्यंत आवश्यक है।

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 योग, शिक्षा, समाज, मनुष्य.

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  1. श्रीवास्तव, डी.एन. तथा वर्मा प्रीति, बाल मनोविज्ञान, विनोद पुस्तक मंदिर, आगरा, पृष्ठ 337-339।

2. राय, पारस नाथ, (2005), अनुसंधान परिचय, प्रकाशन लक्ष्मी नारायण अग्रवाल आगरा. 
3. भटनागर, सुरेश, शिक्षा मनोविज्ञान, लाल बुक डिपो, मेरठ चन्द्र रमेश, योग शिक्षा पृष्ठ 12-14।
4. गांगुली, एस., के. स्कूली छात्रा छात्राओं व पुरूषों पर योगासन का उनके मानसिक स्वास्थ पर प्रभाव का अध्ययन किया। व्यायाम विज्ञान, कालेज ऑफ योगा एण्ड सी. एस. कैवल्य धाम लोनावाला खोडस्कर अरूण योग पृष्ठ कुुंजी, पृष्ठ 1-9।
5. सक्सेना, एल. आर. स्वरूप (2002) शिक्षा सिद्वांत, आर. लाल बुक डिपों मेरठ।   
6. कपिल, एस. के., (2004) अनुसंधान विधियां, प्रकाशन हर प्रसाद भार्गव आगरा।
7. कृपा मूर्ति कृष्ण, योग पथ संस्थापकार्यलयः अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय कृष्ण भावनामृत संघ पृष्ठ - 17।
8. शर्मा, आर. ए., (2005) शिक्षा अनुसंधान, आर. लाल बुक डिपों मेरठ।

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 आजादी के 75 वर्षों के बाद भी भारत में अभी तक विभिन्न अनुसूचित जनजाति समुदायों की विकास यात्रा अपेक्षित रूप से गति प्राप्त नहीं कर सकी है। हालांकि इन जनजातियों का विभिन्न स्तरों पर विकास निश्चित रूप से हुआ है। किंतु अभी ही विकास की गति उस हद तक नहीं बढ़ पाई है जितनी 75 वर्षों में होने की अपेक्षा की गई थी। इस धीमी गति के पीछे अनेक कारण जिम्मेदार हो सकते हैं। इस दौरान 20 और राज्यों में बदलने वाली सरकारों की राजनीतिक इच्छाशक्ति के साथ-साथ विभिन्न स्तरों पर लागू होने वाली योजनाओं की भी समस्याएं अपनी जगह है। यदि इन सब का समग्र रूप से विश्लेषण किया जाए तो यह समझा जा सकता है कि अभी भी देश के विभिन्न राज्यों में निवास करने वाली जनजातीय समुदाय के विकास के लिए द्रुतगति से प्रयास करने की आवश्यकता है। इस संबंध में छत्तीसगढ़ और मध्य प्रदेश में रहने वाली बैगा जनजाति के विकास के संबंध में यहां विवेचनात्मक समीक्षा प्रस्तुत की जा रही है।

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 बैगा, जनजाति, छत्तीसगढ़, मध्यप्रदेश, विकास, विशेष पिछड़ी जनजाति.

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  1. कुमार गजेन्द्र, अग्रवाल किशोर कुमार, बैगा जनजाति के उत्पत्ति की अवधारणा का ऐतिहासिक विश्लेषण, International Journal of Advances in Social Sciences 6(1), 25-29, 2018.

2. यादव अंजलि, गजपाल एल. एस., बैगा जनजाति की शिक्षा की समस्या का अध्ययन, कबीरधाम जिले के विशेष सन्दर्भ में, Journal of Ravishankar university, Volume 25, Issue-1, Year 2019.
3. सरकार के पास बैगा जनजाति के लिए नहीं है बजट- मंडला संस्करण दैनिक भास्कर- 03 अप्रैल, 2022।
4. छत्तीसगढ़ शासन जनसम्पर्क विभाग की वेबसाइट से प्राप्त जानकारी।

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 Grass pea is a nutritious crop with high seed protein content of good quality yet presence of neurotoxin â-ODAP (beta-oxalyl di-amino propionic acid) has limited its human consumption. Information of gene sequence is prerequisite for application of advanced biotechnological tools like gene editing therefore transcriptome sequencing of Lathyrus sativus genotypes was done to identify the key genes involved in â-ODAP biosynthesis. Alignment of the RNA sequence data from 10 days old leaf tissue with bacterial serine acetyl transferase (SAT), followed by homology modelling, protein domain characterization, and phylogenetic analysis led to the identification of transcript (ID-15184) as putative LsSAT encoding transcript. Pathway mapping and study of conserved domain confirmed its role in cysteine and methionine metabolism as it carried domain like PLN02739, SATase_N, DUF3422, CysE, LbH_SAT, which are involved in transfer of acetyl group to serine, leading to formation of O-acetyl serine (precursor of â-ODAP). Molecular docking also showed interaction with L-serine as ligand at amino acid residues at active site. Semiquantitative RT-PCR was done in 10 days old leaves was done with primers designed from ID-15184. Sequencing of the resultant amplicon (ncbi-Accession no-MW590957) was found to be significantly similar to known SAT genes. However, expression of putative candidate LsSAT gene in both high and low ODAP containing genotypes indicated it does not determine the rate of ODAP biosynthesis, but is involved in synthesis of acetyl serine which is utilized by other enzymes for synthesis of neurotoxin as well as cysteine.

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 Bita-ODAP, Lathyrus sativus, Neuro-lathyrism, Serine acetyltransferase, Transcriptome.

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  1. Yan ZY, Spencer PS, Li  ZX, Liang YM, Wang YF, Wang CY & Li FM, Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) and its neurotoxin ODAP. Phytochemistry , 67(2006) 107.

2. Kumar  S, Bejiga G, Ahmed S, Nakkoul  H & Sarker  A, Genetic improvement of grass pea for low neurotoxin (â-ODAP) content. Food Chem Toxicol, 49 (2011) 589.
3. Gusmao M, Siddique KHM, Flower K, Nesbitt H & Veneklaas EJ, Water deficit during the reproductive period of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) reduced grain yield but maintained seed size. J Agron Crop Sci, 198 (2012) 430.
4. Campbell CG, Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben & International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, 18 (1997) 1.
5. Campbell CG, Mehra RB, Agrawal SK, Chen YZ, Abd-El-Moneim  AM, Khawaja HIT, Yadav CR, Tay JU & Araya WA,  Current status and future strategy in breeding grass pea (Lathyrus sativus). Euphytica, 73 (1994) 167.
6. Yan ZY, Spencer PS, Li ZX, Liang YM, Wang YF, Wang CY &  Li FM, Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) and its neurotoxin  ODAP. Phytochemistry, 67 (2006) 107.
7. Xiong JL, Xiong Y, Bai X, Kong H, Tan R, Zhu H, Siddique K, Wang J & Turner NC, Genotypic variation in the concentration of â-N-Oxalyl-L-á,â-diaminopropionic acid (â-ODAP) in Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seeds is associated with an accumulation of leaf and pod â-ODAP during vegetative and reproductive stages at three levels of water Stress. J Agric Food Chem, 63 (2015) 6133.
8.     Williams  PC, Bhatty RS, Deshpande SS, Hussein  LA & Savage GP, Improving the nutritional quality of cool-season food legumes.  In : Muehlbauer FJ,  Kaiser WJ eds, Expanding the Production and Use of Cool Season Food Legumes,( Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Netherlands), 1994,  113.
9. Akalu  G, Tufvesson F, Jönsson C & Nai BM, Physico-chemical characteristics and functional properties of starch and dietary fiber in grass pea seeds. Starch, 50 (1998)  374.
10. Hanbury C, White C, Mullan B & Siddique K,  A review of the potential of Lathyrus sativus L. and L. cicera L. grain for use as animal feed. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 87 (2000) 1.
11.   Jiao CJ, Xu QL, Wang CY, Li FM, Li  ZX & Wang YF, Accumulation pattern of toxin â -ODAP during lifespan and nutrient elements on â-ODAP content in Lathyrus sativus seedlings. J Agric Sci,  144 (2006)  369.
12. Prakash  S, Mishra  BK, Adsule  RN & Barat GK, Distribution of â-N-oxalyl-L-á, â-diaminopropionic acid in different tissues of aging Lathyrus sativus plants. Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, 171 (1977)  369.
13. Rao SLN, Adiga PR & Sarma PS, The isolation and characterization of â-Noxalyl-L-á,_â-diaminopropionic acid, a neurotoxin from the seeds of Lathyrus sativus. Biochemistry, 3 (1964) 432.
14. Addis G & Narayan RKJ, Developmental variation of the neurotoxin, â-Noxalyl- L-á,â-diaminopropionic acid (ODAP) in Lathyrus sativus. Annals of Botany,74 (1994) 209.
15. Roy  DN & Spencer PS, Lathyrogens: Toxicants of Plant Origin, In Cheeke PR Eds, Proteins and Amino Acids, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 3 (1991)170.
16. Jiao CJ, Studies on accumulation and biological significance of â-ODAP in Lathyrus sativus L. (grass pea), Master Dissertation, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 2005.
17. Lambein F, Godelieve O & Haey KY, â-isoxazolinone-alanine is involved in the biosynthesis of the neurotoxin â-N-oxalyl-l-á,â-diaminopropionic acid. Phytochemistry, 29 (1990) 3793.
18. Ikegami F, Ongena G, Sakai R, Itagaki S, Kobori M, Ishikawa T, Kuo  YH, Lambein F & Murakoshi  I, Biosynthesis of â-(isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)-alanine, the precursor of the neurotoxin â-N-oxalyl-L-á, â diaminopropionic acid, by cysteine synthase in Lathyrus sativus. Phytochemistry, 33(1993)  93.
19. Xu Q,  Liu F,  Chen P,  Jez JP & Krishnan HB, â-N-Oxalyl-l-á,â-diaminopropionic Acid (â-ODAP) Content in Lathyrus sativus: The Integration of Nitrogen and Sulfur Metabolism through â-Cyanoalanine Synthase .Int J Mol Sci, 18(2017)  526. 
20. Malathi K, Padmanaban G & Sarma PS, Biosynthesis of â-N-oxalyl-L-á_,â_-diamino-propionic acid, the Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin. Phytochemistry, 9(1970) 1603.
21. Song Y, Wang L, Liu F, Jiao C, Nan H, Shen X, Chen H, Li Y, Lei B, Jiang J, Chen P & Xu Q,  â-Cyanoalanine Synthase Regulates the Accumulation of â-ODAP via Interaction with Serine Acetyltransferase in Lathyrus sativus. J. Agric Food Chem, 69 (2021)  1953.
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 ओशो, आचार्य रजनीश, भगवानश्री रजनीश या ओशो जैसे अलग-अलग नामों से चर्चित होने वाले रजनीश चन्द्रमोहन जैन ने बीसवीं सदी के उत्तरार्ध में भारत सहित दुनिया भर के लोगों को मानसिक और आध्यात्मिक रूप से प्रभावित किया है। ओशो धार्मिक संत-महात्माओं की दुनिया में एक ऐसे विरले चमकते हुए सितारे हैं, जिनका व्यक्तित्व सबसे अलग और अनूठा है। ओशो ने उस समय धार्मिक विषयों पर बोलना या प्रवचन देना शुरू किया जब आमतौर पर ऐसे विषयों को बहुत गंभीर और एक सीमित दायरे के भीतर चर्चा का विषय माना जाता था, लेकिन उन्होंने वेद, पुराण, उपनिषद, ब्राह्मण, आरण्यक, संहिता और स्मृतियों सहित गीता, महाभारत, रामायण, रामचरितमानस जैसे ग्रंथों और पौराणिक आख्यानों पर न केवल पूरे अधिकार से व्याख्या की बल्कि यदि इन ग्रंथों में कोई बात उन्हें पुरातन लगी, तो उन्होंने कड़े शब्दों में इनकी आलोचना भी की। ओशो अपनी किन-किन विशेषताओं की वजह से एक प्रभावशाली संचारक बने, इसे ही प्रस्तुत शोध आलेख में समाहित किया गया है।

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 अध्यात्म, जन संचार, समाज, दर्शन, प्रवचन, ओशो.

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  1. मै कहता आंखन की देखी - (10 मार्च 1971, मुम्बई)

2. जिन खोजा तिन पाइयां - (02 से 05 मई, 1970 नारगोल) 
3. ओशो बायोग्राफी-- ओशो वर्ल्ड द्वारा संकलित
4. अंग्रेजी प्रवचन- सीक्रेट ऑफ सीक्रेट्स (14 अगस्त 1978 पूना) 
5. अंग्रेजी प्रवचन- जेन- पाथ ऑफ पैराडोक्स (11 जून 1977 पूना) 
6. ध्यान सूत्र - (12 से 15 फरवरी 1965 महाबल्लेश्वर) 
7. सम्भोग से समाधि की ओर - (28 से 30 सितम्बर 1968 मुंबई) 
8. मै मृत्य सिखाता हूँ (28 से 31 अक्टूबर 1969, द्वारका) 
9. कृष्ण मेरी दृष्टि में (20 जून 1970, मुंबई) 
10. मै कौन हूँ (4 से 06 मार्च 1967, अहमदाबाद) 
11. महावीर मेरी दृष्टि में (17 से 23 सितम्बर, 1969, श्रीनगर) 
12. एक ओंकार सतनाम (12 से 14 अप्रैल 1969, अमृतसर)

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 Commercial banana, being triploid has limited scope for genetic improvement though conventional breeding methods. For application of gene editing and transformation tools the availability of embryogenic callus is a vital factor. In this study we report standardization of protocol for induction of embryogenic Calli derived from anthers of immature male buds, inflorescence from the 16th whorl of flower and also invitro propagated rejuvenating buds. Although higher efficiency of callus induction was recorded with in-vitro propagated rejuvenating buds cultured in MS media with Picloram (2mg/L) and TDZ (3 Thidiazuron) (0.3mg/L) in MS media, but they also showed shoot growth within 10 -12 days. The N6 CHU media supplemented with NAA (0.5mg/L) was found most suitable to obtain embryogenic callii from anthers followed by the N6 CHU media supplemented with NAA (0.5mg/L) and 2,4-D (2mg/L) from whole inflorescence. The fragile embryogenic callus obtained from anthers and inflorescence were also subjected to microscopic studies that confirmed their haploid chromosome number.

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 Embryogenic Callus, Micropropagation, Gene Editing, Anther Culture.

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 The concept of honor killings will be explored in this legal research paper, with a focus on how religious doctrine and tribal custom relate to the justification and recurrence of these crimes. An act of violence known as “honor killing” occurs when male family members kill a female relative they believe has violated family honor or morals. Although these murders happen in all nations and religions, they are most frequently connected to particular tribal and religious communities. The study will examine the moral justifications for honor killings, including how Islamic law has been interpreted and tribal norms. It will also look at the legal systems in various nations that deal with and prevent honor killings. In the end, the paper will contend that honor killings are a violation of human rights and should be stopped by a mix of judicial, social, and cultural initiatives that confront the underlying attitudes and beliefs that support this kind of violence.

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 Honor Killing, Violence, Tribal.

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  1. Bidani, Sango. 2010. “Honour Killing in India: An in-depth Study”. Editor’s pick Society

2. Vishwanath, Jyothi and Palakonda, C. Srinivas. 2011. “Patriarchal Ideology of Honour and Honour Crimes in India”. International Journal of Criminal Justice Science. 6(1&2): 386-395.
3. “CJI Chandrachud on honour killings” 2022. Hindustan Times (https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cji-chandrachud-on-honour-killings-hundreds-of-young-people-in-india-die-because-101671360749582.html)
Foot Note
1. Indian Penal Code 1860
2. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
3. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
4. Indian Constitution, 1950
5. Indian Constitution, 1950
6. (2006) 5 SCC 475
7. (2011) 6 SCC 405
8. (2018) 7 SCC 192

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 बस्तर प्राकृतिक संपदा से परिपूर्ण रियासत हैं। यहां खनिज वन संपदा जैव विविधता और नैसर्गिंक सुन्दरता का भंडार उपलब्ध है। बस्तर इस कारणवश सदैव ही एक संपन्न राज्य रहा। पूरे भारतवर्ष में जब भयंकर अकाल पड़ते थे तो बस्तर क्षेत्र एक ऐसा क्षेत्र होता था जो कि ना केवल अपनी प्रजा को सरलता से खााद्यान्न सुरक्षा प्रदान करता था अपितु आवश्यकतानुसार अनाज के भंडारों को पड़ोसी राज्य महाराष्ट्र भेज दिया जाता था। 1810 और 1824 का अकाल कुशलतापूर्वक नियोजित किए गए प्राकृतिक प्रकोप उदाहरण है। इस प्रकार की कृषि संपन्नता सदैव आक्रमणकारियों को अपने ओर आकर्षित करती रही है। परलकोट विद्रोह इसी का एक उदाहरण हैं। परलकोट का विद्रोह तो एक झांकी के समान है जिसके पश्चात् वृहद पैमाने पर पूरे बस्तर में आदिवासी विद्रोह हुए जिन्होंने स्पष्ट रुप से दर्शा दिया कि बस्तर के आदिवासी अपनी संप्रभुता बनाये रखने के लिए खुनी संघर्ष भी कर सकते है।

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 बस्तर, संग्राम, आदिवासी, विद्रोह.

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  1. सी, ग्लासफर्ड रिपोर्ट-1862 पृ. 160।

2. शुक्ल, हीरालाल, (2009) बस्तर का मुक्ति संग्राम, मध्य प्रदेश हिन्दी ग्रनथ अकादमी, भोपाल, पृ. 69।
3. शुक्ल, हीरााल,  (1963) बस्तर का मुक्ति संग्राम, पृ.75.18 भंजदेव, प्रवीरचंद, लोहंडीगुड़ा तरोंगनी, लक्ष्मी प्रिटिंग, प्रेस रायपुर, पृ. 47।
4. शुक्ल, हीरााल,  (1963) बस्तर का मुक्ति संग्राम, पृ.75.18 भंजदेव, प्रवीरचंद, लोहंडीगुड़ा तरोंगनी, लक्ष्मी प्रिटिंग, प्रेस रायपुर, पृ. 71-72।
5. शुक्ल, हीरााल,  (1963) बस्तर का मुक्ति संग्राम, पृ.75.18 भंजदेव, प्रवीरचंद, लोहंडीगुड़ा तरोंगनी, लक्ष्मी प्रिटिंग, प्रेस रायपुर, पृ. 69।
6. शुक्ल, हीरााल,  (1963) बस्तर का मुक्ति संग्राम, पृ.75.18 भंजदेव, प्रवीरचंद, लोहंडीगुड़ा तरोंगनी, लक्ष्मी प्रिटिंग, प्रेस रायपुर, पृ. 69।
7. शुक्ल, हीरालाल, आदिवासी बस्तर का वृहद इतिहास, चतुर्थ खंड, बी, आर. पब्लिकेशन, दिल्ली पृ. 163।
8. वर्ल्यानी, जे.आर. एवं साहसी वी.डी. (1998) बस्तर का राजनीतिक एवं सांस्कृतिक इतिहास, दिव्या प्रकाशन कांकरे, पृ. 29।
9. वर्ल्यानी, जे.आर. एवं साहसी वी.डी. (1998) बस्तर का राजनीतिक एवं सांस्कृतिक इतिहास, दिव्या प्रकाशन कांकरे, पृ. 49।
10. वर्ल्यानी, जे.आर. एवं साहसी वी.डी. (1998) बस्तर का राजनीतिक एवं सांस्कृतिक इतिहास, दिव्या प्रकाशन कांकरे, पृ.39।
11. वर्मा, भगवान सिंह, (2003) छत्तीसगढ़ का इतिहास, मध्यप्रदेश हिन्दी ग्रन्थ अकादमी, भोपाल, पृ. 239।
12. बेहार, रामकुमार एवं निर्मला, (1985) बस्तर आरण्यक, जगदलपुर, पृ. 35।
13. ठाकुर, केदारनाथ, (2005) बस्तरभूषण, नवकार प्रकाशन, कांकेर, पुनर्मुद्रित, पृ.30।
14. झा, रोहिणी कुमार, (2007) क्रांतिदूत- प्रवीरचंद भंजदेव, छत्तीसगढ़, छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य हिन्दी ग्रन्थ अकादमी, रायपुर, पृ. 21।
15. झा, रोहिणी कुमार, (2007) क्रांतिदूत- प्रवीरचंद भंजदेव, छत्तीसगढ़, छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य हिन्दी ग्रन्थ अकादमी, रायपुर, पृ. 52-53।
16. झा, रोहिणी कुमार, (2007) क्रांतिदूत- प्रवीरचंद भंजदेव, छत्तीसगढ़, छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य हिन्दी ग्रन्थ अकादमी, रायपुर, पृ.51।
17. जगदलपुरी, लाला, (2007) बस्तर इतिहास एवं संस्कृति, मध्य प्रदेश हिन्दी ग्रंथ अकादमी, भोपाल. पृ. 84-85।
18. ए. वेदीएली, दि रुलिंग चीप्स, नोबेल्सएवं जमींदर्स ऑफ इंडिया, जिल्द-1.पृ. 460।

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सबाल्टर्न स्टडी के रूप में आज हाशिये के समाज पर चिंतन मनन जरूर शुरू हुए लेकिन अनेक बार यह अनुशासन एक खानपूर्ति बनकर रह गया जिससे कहने को तो आदिवासी शामिल हो जाएँ लेकिन जमीं पर उनके सरोकार क्या है, कैसे हैं-उससे कोई मतलब नहीं रखा जाता, कागज का पेट जरूर भर जाता है, आदिवासी भले दर-बदर हो जाए।
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 आदिवासी, जनजीवन, समाज.

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  1. आइलैया, कांचा, हमारे समय में श्रम की गरिमा, (अंग्रेजी से अनुवादः भरत त्रिपाठी)।

2. टेटे, वन्दना, (2021) आदिवासी साहित्यः परंपरा और प्रयोजन, नोशन प्रेस, चेन्नई।
3. सुंदर, नन्दिनी, (2009) गुंडा धुर की तलाश में, पेंग्विन प्रकाशन, दिल्ली।
4. महाश्वेता देवी, (2009) जंगल के दावेदार, राधाकृष्ण प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली।
5. मुंडा, रामदयाल, (2014) आदिवासी अस्तित्व और झारखंडी अस्मिता के सवाल, प्रकाशन संस्थान, नई दिल्ली।
6. समकालीन जनमत, (दिसम्बर 2009), वन अधिकार कानून और आदिवासी-जंगलराज के हवाले।
7. समकालीन जनमत, (सितम्बर 2003), आदिवासीः मिथ और यथार्थ।

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 शिक्षा मानव जीवन को उत्कृष्ट बनाने का सर्वाेत्तम साधन है शिक्षा प्राप्त करके ही मानव श्रेष्ठ प्राणी के रूप मे अपने जीवन में प्रखरता, सम्यकवादी, शीर्षता एवं सौन्दर्यता शिक्षा के द्वारा ही सम्भव कर सकता है। शिक्षा प्रक्रिया के दौरान भारत ज्ञान तथा कौशल के द्वारा ही व्यक्ति अपने जीवन की विविध समस्याओं का समाधान खोज सके। 19 वी शताब्दी के आखिरी दशक में बंगाल और महाराश्ट्र में वैचारिक मंथन चल रहा था, नये और पुराने विचारधाराओं में संघर्ष चल रहा था। देश के नवजागरण में इन दिनो की विचारधारा का बहुत बडा योगदान रहा, इसी क्रम में एक ऐसी शख्सियत का नाम आता है ‘आचार्य विनोबा भावे‘। विनोवा ने शिक्षा के दो स्वरूपो का वर्णन किया पहली आन्तरिक शिक्षा एवं दूसरी बाहय शिक्षा। इसका तात्पर्य यह कदापि नही है कि ये दोनो एक दूसरे के विल्कुल विपरीत है वस्तुतः सच्ची शिक्षा दोनो प्रकार की शिक्षाओ का सम्मेलन है।

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 शिक्षा, विद्यार्थी, विनाबा भावे, समाज.

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  1. विनोबा भावे (1973) ‘‘आचार्य कुल‘‘ पंचम संस्करण, वाराणसीः सर्व सेवा संघ प्रकाशन।

2. विनोबा भावे (2010) ‘‘तीसरी शक्ति‘‘ सप्तम संस्करण, वाराणसीः सर्व सेवा संघ प्रकाशन।
3. शाह कान्ति(2009) ‘‘विनोबा जीवन और कार्य‘‘ सर्व सेवा संघ वाराणसी।
4. शाह कान्ति(2009) ‘‘विनोबा जीवन और कार्य‘‘ सर्व सेवा संघ वाराणसी।
5. विनोबा (1964) ‘‘थॉटस ऑन अज्यूकेशन‘‘ सर्व सेवा संघ वाराणसी।
6. विनोबा (2010) ‘‘शिक्षण विचार‘‘ सर्व सेवा संघ वाराणसी।

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 Malnutrition in children is a public health problem in many developing countries. Apart from great human suffering, both physical and emotional, it is a major drainon the prospects for development in these countries Every year, about half of all children in India are malnourished, and nearly a million children die before reaching the age of one month. In India, 43% of children under the age of five are underweight, and 48% are stunted as a result of severe malnutrition (3 out of every 10 children). In terms of infant under five mortality rate (U5 MR) and infant mortality rate (IMR), India outperforms emerging countries with similar health characteristics.When underweight in children under the age of five is used as an indicator of food security, India performs poorly, with rates comparable to Sub-Saharan Africa. The Indian Government has noticed this in recent years and has expanded, consolidated, and established different programmes to tackle child malnutrition.

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 Malnutrition, Children, Health, Poverty, Food Security.

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  1. Kose, M. A., Prasad, E., Rogoff, K., & Wei, S.J. (2006): “Financial globalization: a reappraisal”, IMF Working Paper, WP/06/189.

2. Lane, P. R. & Milesi-Ferretti, G. M.(2003): “International financial integration”, IIIS Discussion Paper, no 3, July.
3. Schwarcz, Steven L., (2001), “Intermediary Risk in a Global Economy,” Duke Law Journal,Vol. 50, pp. 1541–1607.
4. NAAS. 2014. Carbon Economy in Indian Agriculture. Policy Paper No. 69, National  Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi: 19 p.
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition_in_India
6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24135187
7. https://www.nextias.com/current-affairs/28-07-2022/malnutrition-in-india

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 Considering the changes in extreme weather events of climate variability, availability of various natural resources are vulnerable and hence an assessment of change detection and trend of monthly, seasonal and annual historical series of different climatic variables of Chhattisgarh Plain Zone have been carried out. Based on daily data analysis, trend analysis was applied in time period from 1991 to 2021. The change point analysis results of meteorological variables indicated different change points from year 1991 to 2021 with significant change points in annual series of maximum, minimum, diurnal temperature, wind speed, evaporation and sunshine hour. The maximum temperature has shown significant increase in the month of August, October, November and during rabi season and northeast monsoon. There is significant increase in minimum temperature during seasons and all months except in the month of January. During monthly analysis of morning relative humidity, significant change was observed in months of January, May, August, November and December and during seasons there is significant decrease in only two seasons i.e. winter and northeast monsoon. The evening RH found significantly decrease in only august month. Wind speed found significantly decreasing trend from the month of February to August and in the seasons of kharif, winter, summer and southwest monsoon. There is only significant change in rainfall and rainy days in the month of September and august respectively. The results of evaporation showed that there is significant decrease in the months of Feburary, March, April, May, September and December while during seasons of kharif, winter, summer and southwest monsoon season the evaporation decreased significantly. Sunshine hourse when found to be decreased significantly in the months of January, February, March, September, October and December while during seasons significant decrease was seen in winter, summer and northeast monsoon season there was significant decrease in sunshine hours. Overall it was found that there is significant increase in maximum as well as minimum temperatures, while there is significant decrease in wind speed, evaporation and sunshine hours.

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 Maximum Temperature, Rainfall, Evaporation, Relative Humidity, Chhattisgarh Plain Zone.

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  1. Goswami, B. N., V. Venugopal, D. Sengupta, M. S. Madhusoodanan, & P. K. Xavier (2006), Increasing trend of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment, Science, 314, 1442– 1444.

2. Hennessey, K. J., Gregory, J. M. & Mitchell, J. F. B.  (1997), Changes in daily precipitation under enhanced greenhouse conditions, Clim. Dyn., 13, 667– 680.
3. Jhajharia, D., Gupta, S., Mirabbasi, R., Kumar, R. & Patle, G.T. (2021), Pan evaporative changes in transboundary Godavari River basin, India, Theoritical and Applied Climatology, 145, 1503-1520
4. Jaiswal, R.K., Lohani, A.K., & Tiwari, H.L. (2015). Statistical Analysis for Change Detection and Trend Assessment in Climatological Parameters, Environmental Processes 2, 729-749
5. Khavse, R., Deshmukh, R., Manikandan, N., Chaudhary, J.L., & Kaushik, D. (2015). Statistical Analysis of Temperature and Rainfall Trend in Raipur District of Chhattisgarh, Current World Environment, 10(1), 305-312
6. Kumar, Rupa, K., Kumar K. Krishna, & Pant, G. B. (1994), Diurnal asymmetry of surface temperature trends over India, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 677– 680.
7. Solomon S.,  et al. (ED) (2007) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change : The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
8. Solomon S.,  et al. (ED) (2021) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.

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 प्रस्तुत शोध प़त्र में बस्तर जिले के शासकीय एवं अशासकीय माध्यमिक विद्यालयों के विद्यार्थियों की शैक्षिक उपलब्धि का तलुनात्मक अध्ययन किया गया हैै जिसमें न्यादर्श का चुनाव उद्देश्यपूर्ण विधि के माध्यम से किया गया। न्यादर्श केे लिए 100 विद्यार्थियों का चुनाव किया गया, जिनमें से 50 शासकीय एवं 50 अशासकीय माध्यमिक विद्यालयों के विद्यार्थियों का चुनाव किया गया। शोध में सर्वेक्षण विधि का प्रयोग किया गया। आंकडों के संकलन के लिए शोधकर्ता ने स्वनिर्मित प्रश्नावली का निर्माण किया गया। आँकडों के विश्लेषण के लिए टी परीक्षण, का प्रयोग किया गया है। शासकीय माध्यमिक विद्यालयों के विद्यार्थियों की शैक्षिक उपलब्धि की जांच विभिन्न उद्देश्यों एवं परिकल्पनाओं के आधार पर किया गया। शोध विश्लेषण से यह जानकारी प्राप्त हुई कि बस्तर जिले के शासकीय एवं अशासकीय माध्यमिक विद्यालयों के विद्यार्थियों की शैक्षिक उपलब्धि में अन्तर है। बस्तर जिले के अशासकीय माध्यमिक विद्यालयों के विद्यार्थियों की शैक्षिक उपलब्धि शासकीय माध्यमिक विद्यालयों की तुलना में बेहतर है।

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 विद्यालय, विद्यार्थी, शैक्षणिक, बस्तर.

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  1. बुच, एम.बी.(एडि.1992) सर्वे ऑफ रिसर्च इन एज्यूकेशन, न्यू देलही, एन.सी.इ.आर.टी.।

2. गुप्ता, एस.पी. (2004); उच्चतर शिक्षा मनोविज्ञान, इलाहाबाद, शारदा पुस्तक भवन।
3. गुप्ता, एस.पी. (2005); भारतीय शिक्षा का इतिहास विकास एवं समस्या, इलाहाबाद, शारदा पुस्तक भवन।
4. पाण्डेय, बैजनाथ (2007) पूर्ण साक्षरता के लिऐ वरदान मिड डे मिल कार्यक्रम, कुरूक्षेत्र, वर्ष 53 अंक 11, पृष्ठ 10-12।

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 “Financial Globalisation” refers to the growing interconnectedness of the world as a result of cross-border financial transactions. The ties between a country and the international capital markets are referred to as financial integration. Money flows between industrialised countries have greatly expanded in the most recent era of financial globalisation, particularly between developed and developing countries. Although some emerging countries’ excellent growth rates have been associated with capital inflows, several of them have also experienced periodic growth rate crashes. The report provides broad ideas for how countries might optimise the importance of globalisation and reduce its risks. It indicates that domestic institutional strength is particularly significant. Even while multiple indices of institutional quality are clearly related, there is rising evidence of the benefits of strong legal and regulatory frameworks, low levels of corruption, high levels of transparency, and efficient governance practises.

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 Maximum temperature, Rainfall, Relative humidity, Bastarity, Bastar Plateau.

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  1. D’Costa,  A.P. (2016) Compressed Capitalism, Globalisation and the Fate of Indian Development. In Globalisation and the Challenges of Development in Contemporary India, pp: 19-39.

2. Feldstein,  M. & Horioka, C.  (1980), “Domestic savings and international capital flows”, Economic Journal, no. 90, p. 314-329, June.
3. Gerd, Hausler (2002), “The Globalisation of finance”, Finance and Q Development.
4. Kapoor,  K.K., Dwivedi, Y.K. & Williams, M.D. (2015) Examining the role of three sets of innovation attributes for determining adoption of the interbank mobile payment service. Information Systems Frontiers 17: 1039-1056.
5. Kaur, M. (2017) Demonetization: Impact on Cashless payment system. In 6th International conference on recent trends in engineering, Science and Management.
6. Korayem, K. & Abdel, K.G. (2017) Economic and Social Implications of Globalization for the Arab Countries. In Arab Development Challenges of the New Millennium (pp. 53-120). Routledge.
7. Kose, M. A., Prasad, E., Rogoff, K. and  Wei, S.J. (2006): “Financial globalization: a reappraisal”,IMF Working, Paper, WP/06/189.
8. Lane, P. R. and G. M. Milesi-Ferretti, (2003): “International financial integration”, IIIS Discussion Paper, no 3, July.
9. Leimgruber, W. (2018) Between global and local: marginality and marginal regions in the context of globalization and deregulation. Routledge.
10. Schwarcz, Steven, L. (2001), “Intermediary Risk in a Global Economy,” Duke Law Journal,Vol. 50, pp. 1541–1607.
11. Scrase, T.J., Rutten, M., Ganguly, S.R., Brown, T. (2015) Beyond the metropolis- Regional globalisation and town development in India: An introduction. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 38: 216-229.
12. Stulz, R. M. (2005): “The limits of financial globalization”, The Journal of Finance, Vol LX, No 4, August, pp 1595–638

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 The set of meteorological data collected from CARS Jagdalpur Bastar plateau zone of Chhattisgarh were analyzed to obtain trend analysis of various weather parameters. It indicated that maximum temperature has shown significant change in months of August, October, November and December and in seasons of kharif and southwest monsoon. Minimum temperature and diurnal temperature range results have not shown any significant changes over the years. The analysis of morning relative humidity shown significant increase in RH in january, feburary, march, april and overall annually while only for seasons summer and northeast monsoon RH increased significantly and afternoon RH shown significant increase only in summer season. Wind speed results revealed that wind speed decreased significantly in monthly, seasonal as well as annual analysis. During rainfall analysis, it was seen that there is significant increase of rainfall annually and in months of june, august and September and in seasonal analysis, only southwest monsoon rainfall increased significantly. Similarly, rainy days increased significantly for the months of june, august and september and annually. In seasonal analysis, southwest monsoon and kharif season rainy days increased significantly. The analysis of evaporation showed significant decrease annually and for winter season only. Sunshine hourse when anlysed it was seen that there is significant decrease in sunshine hours on monthly basis. Seasonal analysis, reported significantly decreased in sunshine hours and for kharif and rabi period sunshine hours reported significantly decreased. Overall it was found that there is significant increase in morning relative humidity, rainfall and rainy days while there is significant decrease in wind speed, evaporation and sunshine hours in Buster plateau zone.

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 Maximum temperature, Rainfall, Relative humidity, Bastar plateau.

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  1. Bhuarya H.K, Sastri A.S.R.A.S, Chandrawanshi S.K., Bobade P and Kaushik D.K. (2018). Agro-Climatic Characterization for Agro-Climatic Zone of Chhattisgarh. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 7(8): 108-117

2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2022), Climate Change 2022: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
3. Khavse R and Chaudhary J.L.(2022). Trend assessment in climate variable by Mann Kendall test of Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. MAUSAM, 73, 1 (January 2022), 79 -82.
4. Shah Beena (2010) “Global and National Concerns on Climate Change,” University News,Vol.4. pp.15-23
5. Sharma G.K and Chaudhary J.L. (2014). Time trends in temperature of Bastar plateau agro-climatic zone of Chhattisgarh. MAUSAM, 65, 29-3.
6. Ramteke V, Thakur V and Sanadya A. (2021). Influence of weather variability on nut yield of cashew under Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. Journal of Agrometeorology 23 (4): 465-467

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 विश्व में मानव अधिकारों के प्रति जागरूकता के विकास के साथ महिलाआंे के अधिकारों की रक्षा चिंता का विषय है। भारत को स्वतंत्र हुए लगभग 75 वर्ष हो गए किन्तु घर में एक महिला आज भी गुलाम बनकर जीवन व्यतीत करने को मजबूर है। भारत में गुलामी की अवधि में सामाजिक स्थितियां क्रमशः बिगड़ती गयी और परतंत्रता की मानसिकता ने राष्ट्रकवि मैथिलीशरण गुप्त की पंक्तियांे को इस प्रकार चरितार्थ किया- हम कौन थे, क्या होंगें और क्या हो रहें हैं? विकास यात्रा में देश में महिलाओं, उनकी शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, आर्थिक स्थिति और सामाजिक मान्यताओं के प्रति दृष्टिकोण मंे परिवर्तन की सुगबुगाहट परिलक्षित है। लेकिन इस विशाल और अनगिनत विविधता वाले देश में इस परिवर्तन का अंश नगण्य ही है। संविधान में महिलाओं को पुरूषों के समान ही अधिकार दिए हैं, अत्याचारों से दबी उनकी दयनीय जीवन स्थितियां को रूपांतरित करने और सामाजिक आर्थिक तथा विधिक पहचान बनाने के लिए सरकार ने अनेक कानून पारित किए हैं, कई योजनाएं बनाई है, किंतु इसकी दशा एवं विकास आज भी चिंतनीय है।

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 महिला, संविधान, विकास, अधिकार.

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  01. सक्सेना वंदना (2013), महिला का अधिकार व संसार, मनीषा प्रकाशन दिल्ली।

02. छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य के सखी केन्द्र द्वारा गाइडलाईन (2017), महिलाओं के खिलाफ हिंसा को संबोधित करने वाले कानून।
03. भारत का राज पत्र, महिला एवं बाल विकास अधिसूचना, 17 अक्टूबर 2006 भाग- II, खण्ड-3, उपखंड-II
04. मुखर्जी गीतांजली, (2006), डॉवरी डेथ इन इंडिया, इंडियन पब्लीकेशन, नई दिल्ली, पृष्ठ-98।
05. चंदेल धर्मवीर, (2014) मानव अधिकार और महिला विमर्श, पाइन्टर पब्लिकेशन दिल्ली।

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 Online Shopping is an evolution of traditional shopping medium to change shopping more easily accessible, comfortable, time saving and flexible. During COVID-19, there was disallowing on going out of the house in lockdown. Every people prefer online medium to buy and sales their products and services. The e-commerce industry in India has growth over the past few years. E-commerce sector of India is ranked 9th in the world, according to the Payoneer report. E-commerce of India is expected to increase from 4% of the total food, grocery, garments and electronics retail trade in 2020 to 8% by 2025. In this research paper study the factors influencing online shopping, advantages & disadvantages, and future status of online shopping in India.

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 Online Shopping, e-commerce.

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  1. Angamuthu R., (2020) “A study on Online Shopping in India – An Overview” 2020 IJRAR March 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1, www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) IJRAR 2001956 International.

2. Chilka Abhishek & Chauhan Sandeep, (2018) “Study on Recent Trends in Online Shopping in India”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 9, Issue 2, February 2018, Pp – 30-33.
3. Goyal Aishwarya, (2015) “Rising Trends of Online Shopping in India”, Biz and Bytes, Volume 6, Issue 2, P – 125-131. 
4. Muthumani A., LavanyaV., & Mahalakshmi R., (2017) “Problems faced by Customers on Online Shopping in Virudhunagar District”, International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering Science, Humanities and Management”,  Pp-398- 405.
5. Richa D., (2012) ‘Impact of Demographic Factors Of Consumers On Online Shopping Behaviour: A Study Of Consumers In India’, International Journal of Engineering and Management Sceiences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 43–45.
6. Thamizhvanan  A  & Xavier, MJ (2013), ‘Determinants of customers’ online purchase intention: An empirical study in India’, Journal of Indian Business Research, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 17–32. doi: 10.1108/17554191311303367.In-line Citation:(Thamizhvanan and Xavier, 2013) 
Webliography
1. https://www.ibef.org/industry/ecommerce 
2. https://www.statista.com/topics/2454/e-commerce-in-india
3. https://findly.in/e-commerce-industry-in-india-statistics
4. https://www.similarweb.com
5. https://ecommercedb.com
 

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 Indigenous traditional and folk art forms play an important role in creation of new design patterns. Today, the public’s interest in Indian traditional folk arts is increasing; this is the reason that now the creators of traditional and folk art forms are presenting them in new commercial emanation after making timely changes in their original form. According to the increasing interest and demand of the consumers, the design patterns, colours, compositional styles and used painting methods of these art-forms should also keep on improving according to the need of the fashion industry. Aipan folk art-form of Uttarakhand is referenced in the sequence of bonfires coming in Indian art forms, then its creators are trying to develop new design formats. It also provides an opportunity to use adapted traditional motifs on textiles and preserve beautiful traditional folk art. The aipan motifs were originally adapted for the central design patterns, border designs and boutonniere designs. The innovative presentation of multiple motifs and design motif patterns reflects its relevance keeping in mind their suitability for items like bags, pencil, purses and mobile holders, etc.

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 Motifs, Kumaon, Geru, Rice Paste, Patterns, Festivals.

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  1. Uttarakhand Handloom & Handicraft Development Council (UHHDC).2013. handicraft Retrieved on 25 Aug, 2015 from https://www.uttarakhandcrafts.com/handicrafts.php

2. Batliwala Srilatha, (1995), Education for Women’s Empowerment, ASPBAE Position Paper for the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, New Delhi.
3. Chandra R, ‘Women empowerment in India- Mile stones and challenges’, Institute of Women’s Studies, University of Lucknow.
4. Dehradun plus Online Addition, 16th October 2009, available on- http://www.dahradunplus.
5. Das A., 2011, ‘Exploring traditional and metropolitan Indian arts using the Muggu tradition as a case study’, Westminster Research, September 2011.
6. Jackson G. M., (2009), Community Learning for Empowerment, Paper Presented at the workshop on community learning held at Almora 22-23 May.
7. Negi M., Rani A., Singh A., (2015), New Horizon New Horizon For Aipan (Folk Art Of Uttarakhand) Motifs Through Applique, International Journal of Research Granthalayah, Vol.3, N¬o.9 :36-48.
8. Rawat R, 2004, ‘Chipko’s quiet legacy forest rights, women’s empowerment, people’ institutions and new urban struggle in Uttarakhand, India’, York University, Ontario, Canada.
9. Summit A., 2006, ‘Women’s empowerment: Global Prospective’, Education Department, American Jewish World Service.
10. Traditional Aipan. 2015. Retrieved on Aug, 18 2015 from http://www.99uttarakhand.in/traditional-aipan.php
11. Sah V.N., 2006. Aipan: cultural motifs of kumaun. Nainital. Gyanodaya Prakshan.
12. Aipan Art;  An essay in folk art of Uttarakhand aipan, August 12, 2021 from https://devbhoomidarshan.in/aipan-kala/  

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 पूर्व बाल्यावस्था बच्चों के जीवन का बहुत अधिक महत्वपूर्ण समय होता है जब संपूर्ण विकास की अवस्था होती है। पाठशाला में प्रवेश मतलब स्कूल पूर्व की अवस्था जब वह सामाजिक व्यवहार सीखने एवं समायोजन का समय होता है। गांव तथा नगरों में बच्चों का पूर्ण समय सामूहिक परिवार में बच्चे सभी कार्य अपने दादा-दादी, चाचा-चाची, बुआ इत्यादि के साथ सामूहिक पर्यावरण में सीख लेते थे, किंतु आज का समय एकांकी परिवार के परिवेश में बच्चे माता-पिता को ही जानते एवं पहचानते हैं तथा बच्चों की परवरिश के लिए माता-पिता को ही जूझना पड़ता है तथा व्यक्तित्व विकास एवं सर्वांगीण विकास एक चुनौतीपूर्ण कार्य होता जा रहा है इसलिए महानगरों तथा नगरों में झूला-घर का चलन काफी बढ़ चुका है, क्योंकि माता-पिता दोनों ही नौकरी के लिए बाहर घर से जाना पड़ता है एवं बच्चे को अपने घरों से दूर झूला-घर मे ऑफिस के टाइम तक छोड़ना पड़ता है और उन बच्चों को घर का व्यवहार, संस्कार एवं पीढ़ी दर पीढ़ी चली आ रही परंपरा भी खत्म होती जा रही है। बच्चे परिवार के ही लोगों को नहीं जानते व उनके प्यार व अपनापन विमुख हो जाते हैं। 3 वर्ष का बालक प्रायः नकारात्मक प्रवृत्ति वाला, जिद्दी करने वाला, आज्ञा न मानने वाला होता है। बाल्यावस्था में परिपक्वता का जीवन पूर्व बाल्यावस्था 3 से 6 वर्ष एवं उत्तर बाल्यावस्था 7 से 12 वर्ष में विभक्त किया गया है। इस समय का उल्लेख इस आधार पर बालक एवं बालिका के जीवन के नींव पड़ने का समय कहा जा सकता है। बच्चों को आज के आधुनिक युग में परिवार, समाज की संपूर्ण देख-रेख की अत्यंत आवश्यकता होती है, तथा पढ़ाई के साथ-साथ बच्चों में खेल साधन की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका होती है, जहां पर शारीरिक विकास, शारीरिक क्रियाएं, पेशीय-नियंत्रण एवं भाषाई विकास, कौशल विकास को प्रायः खिलौने की आयु कहा जा सकता है।

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 व्यवहार, बालक-बालिका, परिवार, विकास, पूर्व बाल्यावस्था, खेल.

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  1. सिंह राजेंद्र प्रसाद, (1997) “विकासात्मक मनोविज्ञान”, एन.ए.बी. प्रिटिंग यूनिट फेज 1, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 135।

2. उपाध्याय जितेंद्र कुमार, (1997) ‘‘बाल्यावस्था मनोविज्ञान एवं विकास” एन.ए.बी. प्रिटिंग यूनिट फेज 1, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 145।
3. भार्गव महेश (2013) “आधुनिक मनोविज्ञान” एच. पी. भार्गव बुक हाउस, आगरा, पृ. 50।
4. सिंह अरुण कुमार, (2005) “उच्चतर नैदानिक मनोविज्ञान”, राखी प्रकाशन, आगरा, पृ. 201। 
5. Chandra Shushil, (1967) Sociology of Deviation In India, Allied published Bombay P-1.
6. Goyel C., (1965) “Home and Social Situation”, unpublished PhD thesisAgra.

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 The present article discusses the role of voluntary disclosure practices in transparency in financial reporting. The term transparency here means the extent to which the investors can access the financial information includes the share valuation, credit worthiness and ultimately the financial position of the company. Disclosure is a detailed statement about the transactions. The present work identifies features and benefits of voluntary disclosure practices, the role played by the voluntary disclosures in the efficient working of financial reporting. It also improves the competitiveness and presently the firms considered the voluntary disclosure as opportunity rather than burden. This paper discussed the value of financial reporting openness and its drawbacks. It also emphasizes the problems and effects of information disclosure that is given voluntarily. Therefore, the goal of this study is to determine the extent to which voluntary disclosure methods increase financial reporting openness.

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 Financial Reporting, Information Risk, Transparency, Voluntary Disclosure.

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  1. Abu Alia, M., Abdeljawad, I., Jallad, S. E., & Rashid, M. (2022). Voluntary disclosure-cost of equity nexus and the moderating role of corporate governance: evidence from an extremely politically unstable context. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-02-2021-0069

2. Elfeky, M. I. (2017). The extent of voluntary disclosure and its determinants in emerging markets: Evidence from Egypt. The Journal of Finance and Data Science, 3(1–4), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFDS.2017.09.005
3. Mekaoui, S., Brahem, E., & Moalla, H. (2022). The impact of the Tunisian Revolution and internal governance mechanisms on the extent of voluntary information disclosure. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 20(1), 97–126.  https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-03-2020-0085
4. Ronoowah, R. K., & Seetanah, B. (2022). Determinants of corporate governance disclosure: evidence from an emerging market. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/JAEE-10-2021-0320
5. Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., & Shen, L. (2019). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International Journal of Production Research, 57(7), 2117–2135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1533261
6. Saha, R., & Kabra, K. C. (2022). Corporate governance and voluntary disclosure: evidence from India. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 20(1), 127–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-03-2020-0079

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 आज विश्व आबादी का एक बड़ा हिस्सा खाद्य असुरक्षा जैसी गंभीर समस्या से जूझ रहा है। यह समस्या स्वतः ही विभिन्न समस्याओं को जन्म देती है। भुखमरी के साथ-साथ सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों जैसे जिंक, आयरन, विटामिन ए और आयोडीन की कमी से भी विश्व आबादी का बड़ा भाग ग्रसित हो रहा है। दूसरी तरफ   कृषि की रीढ़ माने जाने वाले प्राकृतिक संसाधनों जैसे मृदा, जल और वायु में लगातार गिरावट होती जा रही है। खाद्य सुरक्षा का अभिन्न अंग है। देश की तेजी से बढ़ती जनसंख्या के लिए खाद्यान्न की आत्मनिर्भरता सुनिश्चित करना नितान्त आवश्यक है जिससे कोई भी भारतीय भूखे पेट न सो सके। साथ ही खाद्यान्न आपूर्ति के लिए प्रभावी कार्य व्यापक तौर पर करने की आवश्यकता है।

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 बिहार की कृषि, सरकारी नीतियॉं, रोजगार, बेरोजगारी, सरकारी योजनाएॅं, सफल घरेलु उत्पाद, कृषि और मंहगाई.

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  1. पत्र सूचना कार्यालय, भारत सरकार।

2. लोकसभा में उठाए गए विभिन्न सवालों का कृषि मंत्री द्वारा दिया गया जवाब।
3. कृषि विभाग की ओर से समय-समय पर जारी की गई रिपोर्ट।
4. भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान संस्थान के कृषि प्रौद्योगिकी सूचना कंेद्र से प्राप्त जानकारी।

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 एकात्य मानववाद विचारदर्शन ने मानव के व्यस्टि तथा विभिन्न समस्टियांे के परास्पर रिश्तों को मुख्यतः अपने विवेचतना का विषय बनाया। एकाव्य मानववाद पंडित दीनदयाल उपाध्याय की अस्तिीय। विशिष्ट एवं मौलिक रचना है। कैरित्य क्ै अर्थशास्त्र तिलक के गीता रहस्य और माहात्मा गांधी के हिंद स्वराज के पष्चात्। पंडित दीनदयाल उपाध्याय-रचित एकात्म मानववाद राजनीतिक महत्वपूर्ण योगदान है। एकात्मा भारतीय सस्कृति का केडीप विचार है। वस्तुतः उपाध्याय का विचार एकात्मता दर्शन है लेकिन वह मानव के लिए है। उपाध्याय मानव को ईश्वर के खिलाफ नहीं यत्रावत भी नहीं वरन एक सवेदनशील एवं स्वंयपूर्ण इकाई के नाते प्रस्तुत करना चाहते है। 

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 एकात्म मानववाद, एकात्मता, दर्शन, पंडित दीनदयाल उपाध्याय, राजनीतिक चिन्तन.

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  1. एकात्म दर्शन, दीनदयाल उपाध्याय शोध संस्थान, नई दिल्ली, अध्ययन-1, राष्ट्रवाद की नई कल्पना पृ. 10।

2. उपरोक्त अध्याय-2, पृ0 18 एकात्म मानववाद 4, उपरोक्त, अध्याय-1, पृ. 11।
3. श्री अरविन्द, एशिया की भूमिका, ’वन्दे मातरम्’ ये लिखा गया लेख ’यूरोप और एशिया’, 03 जुलाई 1908, पृ. 69-71।
4. एकात्म दर्शन, दीनदयाल उपाध्याय, नई दिल्ली, अध्याय-4, राष्ट्रजीवन के अनुकूल रचना, पृ. 72।
5. पांजन्य, 21 फरवरी 1966, पृ0 10, उत्तर प्रदेश संघ के मुरादाबाद अधिवेशनों में पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्याय का भाषण।
6. राजस्थान संघ संगर, 04 जून 1964 का बौद्धिक वर्ग पृ. 11।
7. बौद्धिक वर्ग पंजिका, दिल्ली, 18 जून 1962, पृ. 158।
8. शर्मा महेश चन्द्र, दीनदयाल उपाध्याय (कर्तव्य एवं विचार) एकात्म मानववाद, प्रभात प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली,       पृ. 329।
9. एकात्म दर्शन, दीनदयाल शोध संस्थान, नई दिल्ली, अध्याय-2, राष्ट्रवाद की सही कल्पना, पृ. 17।
10. जोशी मुरली मनोहर, भौतिकी विभाग, इलाहाबाद विश्वविद्यालय द्वारा दीनदयाल उपाध्याय शोध संस्थान में आयोजित दीनदयाल जयन्ती पर 25 सितम्बर 1984 में दिये गये भाषण, पृ. 03।
11. देवधर विश्व नाराण, पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्याय, विचार-दर्शन (व्यक्ति दर्शन), सुरूचि प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली,      पृ. 74।
12. उपाध्याय दीनदयाल, विचार-दर्शन कर्तव्य एवं विचार, सुरूचि प्रकाशन, दार्शनिक अभिधारणायें, पृ. 316।
13. रिचर्ड ल्यूई नैटिल’प, प्लेटो के रिपब्लिक का विवेचन अनुवादक, गौरीलहरी, भोपाल, हिन्दी ग्रंथ अकादमी, 1973, पृ. 55-56।
14. शर्मा महेन्द्र चन्द्र, पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्याय (कर्तव्य एवं विचार), प्रभात प्रकाशन, दार्शनिक अवधारणायें, पृ. 320।
15. उपाध्याय दीनदयाल, विचार दर्शन, खण्ड-6, सुरूचि प्रकाशन केशव पुंज, झण्डेवाला, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 143।
16. उपाध्याय, दीनदयाल, विचार-दर्शन, राजनीति राष्ट्र के लिये, खण्ड-6, सुरूचि प्रकाशन, केशव कुंज, झण्डेवाला, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 198।
17. उपाध्याय, दीनदयाल, विचार-दर्शन, खण्ड-6 उपरोक्त, पृ. 39-40।
18. शर्मा, महेश चन्द्र, दीनदयाल उपाध्याय कर्तव्य एवं विचार, प्रभात प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 292।
19. नाना जी देशमुख से भेंट वार्ता, साक्षात्कार पत्रिका, 01 जनवरी 1984, दिल्ली, पृ. 26।
20. माथुर जगदीश प्रसाद, जनसंघ के मूल विचारक पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्याय व्यक्ति दर्शन, दीनदयाल शोध संस्थान, नई दिल्ली, पृ. 60-61।
21. सिंह राजनीति, ’जब वे चुनाव लड़े, राष्ट्र धर्म दीनदयाल उपाध्याय, स्मृति, अंक जून-जुलाई 1968।
22. वाजपेयी अटल बिहारी, टियरफुल ट्रिब्सूट्स, ऑर्गेनाईज़र, 25 फरवरी 1968।
23. शर्मा महेश चन्द्र, दीनदयाल उपाध्यायः कर्तव्य एवं विचार, प्रभात प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, राजनीतिक विचार, 2008 पृ. 169।

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 Microorganism, gene, and viral patenting is a controversial topic having moral, spiritual, and political ramifications. People who think that no one should own living things are on one side of the debate. The opposing viewpoint holds that living things can be patented and owned just like any other innovation. Whether it is morally acceptable to own anything alive is at the centre of the ethical discussion. Apart from that there must be some unified and universal laws to be made for the patenting of microorganism. In this article, we’ll look at the patenting of viruses, genes, and microorganisms. Although, the Government of India permitted patenting of microorganisms in India under The Patents (Amendment)Act 2002. But the World Intellectual Property Organisation introduced the new Regulation in 2023 which is based on The Budapest Treaty made some radical changes in the protection of patents relating to microorganisms. This paper also deals with the position of patenting of microorganism in India with relevant international norms and to find out the lacuna in the domestic law regarding patenting of microorganism in India.

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 Patent, Microorganisms, Challenges.

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  1. www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

2. www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
3. www.wipo.int
4. www.ipindia.gov.in
5. https://www.etymonline.com
6. https://www.etymonline.com
7. https://dictionary.cambridge.org
8. https://biologydictionary.net
9. https://wipolex-res.wipo.int
10. https://wipolex-res.wipo.int
11. https://wipolex-res.wipo.int
12. https://www.wto.org
13. https://www.wto.org
14. https://www.wto.org
15. https://www.wto.org
16. 447 U.S. 303 (1980)
17. 447 U.S. 303 (1980)
18. https://ipindia.gov.in/acts-patents.htm
19. (2002) I.P.L.R. 255 (Cal)
20. (2002) I.P.L.R. 255 (Cal)

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 The study handover the details related with job satisfaction of women employees of eastern Uttar Pradesh. An attempt had been made to measure the job satisfaction of women employees of Eastern Uttar Pradesh working in public and private sector hospitals along with their comparative analysis, the role of the ethical climate of the hospitals, its role in job satisfaction as well as women employee’s job satisfaction on the basis of certain standard variables. Through the investigation, this paper  it was discovered that the health care sector depends mostly on human compassion and sensitivity. Private and Government hospitals’ management must show compassion to their staff.

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 Hospital, Education, Health, women, private sector, Public Sector.

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  1. Bhushan, A. (2003) : “Theory and Measurement of Job Satisfaction”, httop//ezinearticles.com.

2. Bullock, R.P. (1952) : “Social Factors Related to Job Satisfaction”. Ohio State University Bureau of Business Research, Ohio, p. 52.
3. Hoppock, R. (1974) : “Job Satisfaction”. Harper & Brother, New York, pp. 145-46.
4. Kothari, C.R. (2006) : Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques, New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, New Delhi/Bangalore, pp. 1-2.
5. Locke, E.A. (1976) : “The nature and cause of job satisfaction” in M.E. Dunnette Handbook of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, Rand McNally Co. Chicago, 1976.
6. Maheshwari, S.K. and Ganesh, M.P. (2006) : “Ethics in Organisation”. Vikalpa, The Journal for Decision Makers, Vol. 31, No. 2, JIM, Ahmedabad, India, pp. 76-77.
7. Muncherji, M. (1997) : “Human Capital”, Published by Punita Malhotra, H.R. Information Services, New Delhi. Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 30.
8. Sekaran, U. (2000) : “Women Employees and Human Resource Management”. University Press India Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, pp. 18-22.
9. Staw, B.M. and Cunnings, L.L. (1980) : “Organisational Behavior”. Vol. 2, Jai Press, pp. 3-12.
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh
11. Uphealth.up.nic.in
12. Google.co.in

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 जी-20 विश्व की प्रमुख 20 अर्थव्यवस्थाओं के वित्त मंत्रियों और केंद्रीय बैंकों के गवर्नर का एक संगठन है जिसमें भारत, यू.एस.ए., चीन, यू.के, कनाडा, जर्मनी, तुर्की, रूस, जापान, इंडोनेशिया, सऊदी अरब, ऑस्ट्रेलिया, फ्रांस, ब्राजील, इटली, अर्जेंटीना, साउथ अफ्रीका, साउथ कोरिया, मेक्सिको और सोवियत संघ शामिल है। इन देशों की वार्षिक बैठक होती है जिसमें आर्थिक विकास ग्लोबल वार्मिंग आतंकवाद गरीबी पर्यटन स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा एवं सतत विकास के लक्ष्य को बनाए रखने की बात होती है। यह देश दुनिया का 80 प्रतिशत आर्थिक उत्पादन होल्ड करते हैं। जी-20 की प्रत्येक देश के पास प्रतिवर्ष अध्यक्षता होती है, इस बार जी-20 की अध्यक्षता भारत के पास 1 दिसंबर 2022 से 30 नवंबर 2023 तक है। भारत ने जी-20 में सन 1999 से एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। विश्व अर्थव्यवस्था में भारत का स्थान पांचवे पायदान पर है जोकि जी-20 में महत्वपूर्ण स्थान है। भारत एक बढ़ती जीडीपी वाला देश है जो विश्व व्यापार निर्यात तथा वित्तीय विनिमय में अन्य देशों के साथ सहयोगी है। जी-20 में भारत की सक्रिय भूमिका है जिसका उद्देश्य आर्थिक विकास न केवल अपना बल्कि अपने सहयोगी देशों का भी आर्थिक विकास कराना है भारत अपने सहयोगी देशों के साथ आर्थिक विकास में एक मित्र की भूमिका निभा रहा है जो कि हमें जी-20 की थीम से ही दृष्टिगत हो रहा है जिसमें भारत वसुधेव कुटुंबकम के माध्यम से यह बताता है कि वह सबके साथ विकास के लक्ष्य को पूरा करना चाहता है। कुल मिलाकर यह कहा जा सकता है कि जी-20 में अनेक चुनौतियों का भी सामना करना पड़ रहा है परंतु फिर भी भारत जी-20 के लक्ष्यों को पूरा करने में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा रहा है।

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 डिजिटल अर्थव्यवस्था, इंटरनेशनल मॉनेटरी फंड, अर्थशास्त्री, जीडीपी, बसुधैव कुटुंबकम.

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  1. भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था- दत्त एवं सुन्दरम् 

2. भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था एवं आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण- डॉ॰ एस.एन. लाल
3. The G20- Peter I. Hajnal
4. The Group of Twenty (G20)- Andrew F. Cooper Ramesh Thakur
5. The Roadmap to Indian Presidency- V. Srinivas.
6. The G20 Development Agenda- Parthasarathi Shome.
7. India in the G20- Manjeet kripalani.
8. The G20 And the future of international Economic Governance- Mike Callaghan& tristram Sainsbury.
9. G20 Governance for a globalized world- john J. kirton
10. Nic.in.shahjahanpur
11. योजना मासिक पत्रिका अप्रैल 2023
12. कुरूक्षेत्र मासिक पत्रिका मई 2023
13. दैनिक समाचार पत्र दैनिक जागरण बरेली मण्डल 15 दिसम्बर 2022 
14. दैनिक समाचार पत्र अमर उजाला बरेली मण्डल 20 दिसम्बर 2022
15. दैनिक समाचार पत्र हिन्दुस्तान बरेली मण्डल 28 दिसम्बर 2022

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 This paper aims to examine the relationship between crude oil prices and stock market performance. Crude oil prices are a significant driver of economic activity and are closely watched by investors, policymakers, and market participants. Understanding the interconnections between crude oil prices and stock market movements is crucial for investors and financial analysts seeking to make informed investment decisions. This paper utilizes empirical analysis and explores the potential implications of the relationship between crude oil prices and the stock market, considering factors such as economic growth, inflation, and market sentiment.

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 Implications, Interrelationships, Stock Market, Crude Oil.

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  1. Aloui, R., Jammazi, R., & Nguyen, D. K. (2018). Modelling the relationship between oil prices and stock market returns in oil-importing and oil-exporting countries. International Review of Financial Analysis, 58, 199-218.

2. Arouri, M. E. H., Jouini, J., & Nguyen, D. K. (2011). Volatility spillovers between oil prices and stock sector returns: Implications for portfolio management. Journal of International Money and Finance, 30(7), 1387-1405.
3. Basher, S. A., Haug, A. A., & Sadorsky, P. (2016). The impact of oil shocks on stock market volatility: Evidence from the G7 countries. Energy Economics, 54, 417-430.
4. Baumeister, C., & Kilian, L. (2016). Forty years of oil price fluctuations: Why the price of oil may still surprise us. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(1), 139-160.
5. Brown, L. K., & Williams, C. D. (2020). Crude oil prices and stock market volatility: Evidence from international markets. Energy Economics, 78, 256-267.
6. Chen, X., Ratti, R. A., & Vespignani, J. L. (2021). Oil price shocks and stock market volatility: Evidence from industry-level analysis. Energy Economics, 98, 105338.
7. Dhaoui, I., & Khraief, N. (2019). Asymmetric relationship between oil prices and stock markets: Empirical evidence from Canada, China, and the United States. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 60, 52-68.
8. Kilian, L., & Park, C. (2009). The impact of oil price shocks on the US stock market. International Economic Review, 50(4), 1267-1287.
9. Kryzanowski, L., & Zhang, X. (2018). The dynamic relationship between oil prices and the Canadian stock market: Evidence from a wavelet analysis. Energy Economics, 72, 258-269.
10. Nandha, M., Faff, R., & Tripathy, T. (2013). Oil price risk and the Australian stock market. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 23, 308-323.
11. Narayan, P. K., & Narayan, S. (2015). The short-run relationship between the oil price and the US stock market: A vine copula approach. Energy Economics, 52(Part A), 78-90.
12. Sharma, A., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2019). Understanding the interrelationship between crude oil prices and stock market: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(2), 101-112.
13. Smith, J. A., & Johnson, R. B. (2019). The impact of crude oil prices on stock market returns: A comprehensive review. Journal of Finance and Economics, 45(2), 201-220.
14. Wang, Y., & Chen, C. (2017). Crude oil prices and stock market performance: Evidence from G7 countries. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 9(11), 187-199.
15. Zhang, H., & Lee, S. (2018). The dynamic relationship between crude oil prices and stock market returns: Evidence from emerging economies. Journal of Financial Research, 42(3), 341-368.

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 स्वामी दयानंद सरस्वती का भारतीय इतिहास में महत्वपूर्ण स्थान रहा है। उनका संघर्ष अद्वितीय है जिसके माध्यम से ना केवल समाज में सुधार हुए बल्कि भारत को स्वतंत्रता की प्राप्ति भी हुई। 19वीं शताब्दी के पुर्नजागरण काल में दयानंद सरस्वती का स्थान प्रमुख माना जाता है। उनके मौलिक चिंतन द्वारा भारत में सामाजिक, धार्मिक, सांस्कृतिक, वैचारिक एवं राष्ट्रीय क्रांति उत्पन्न हुई जिसका प्रभाव आज भी हमें दिखाई देता है। उनके विचार जिनमें स्वदेशी, सुशासन, स्वराज, देशभक्ति, राष्ट्रीयता, स्वभाषा, वैश्विक सहानुभूति, सत्य के प्रति आग्रह, लोकतांत्रिक प्रणाली, समानता, न्याय, शैक्षणिक परिवर्तन, दलितों और महिलाओं की स्थिति में सुधार, जाति प्रथा का निर्मूलन आदि विषयों पर उनके विचारों ने उस समय के भारतीय समाज में संजीवनी बूटी का काम किया। उस समय के समाज में परिवर्तन लाने के लिए दयानंद सरस्वती जी ने 10 अप्रैल 1875 में आर्य समाज की स्थापना की। स्वामी दयानंद सरस्वती जी के विचारों का प्रेरणा स्त्रोत मौलिक रहा है जिसमें वेद प्रमुख है। दयानंद सरस्वती जी के विचार ना सिर्फ 19वीं शताब्दी में प्रासंगिक थे, बल्कि आज भी उनके विचारों का उतना ही महत्व है। सरस्वती जी के विचारों से प्रेरणा पाकर योगी अरबिंदो घोष, लाला लाजपत राय एवं अन्य चिंतकों ने अपने विचार प्रस्तुत किए। वर्तमान परिस्थिति में यदि हम देखें तो भारत को 1947 में राष्ट्रीय स्वतंत्रता की प्राप्ति हो चुकी है किंतु सांस्कृतिक स्वतंत्रता जो अभी धूमिल है, उसको प्राप्त करना बाकी है एवं उसके प्राप्ति के लिए दयानंद सरस्वती के विचार बेहद प्रमुख हैं। उन्होंने अपने विचारों का दर्शन अपनी कृति सत्यार्थप्रकाश में प्रस्तुत किए। दयानंद सरस्वती एक मानवतावादी चिंतक हैं , विश्व शांति के नायक हैं, सांप्रदायिक सद्भावना के उन्नायक, सामाजिक व समाजवादी मूल्यों के प्रवक्ता हैं एवं शोषण के विरुद्ध संघर्ष करने वाले महान व्यक्ति हैं।

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सांस्कृतिक राष्ट्रवाद, आर्य समाज, वैदिक मूल्य, राष्ट्रीय एकता, स्वतंत्रता.

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  1. Bawa Arjan Singh, Dayananda Saraswati, Founder of Arya Samaj, Published by Ess Ess Publications, 1979

2. Bharti, Bhawanilal. Navjgaran ke Purodha, Arya Dharmnath Nyas.
3. Garg, ganga ram (1984). World Perspectives on Swami Dayananda Saraswati. Concept Publishing Company
4. Jordens. (1998). Dayananda Sarasvati : essays on his life and ideas. Ajay Kumar Jain For, Manohar.
5. Rolland, R. (2015). Dayanand and arya samaj. Pandit Lekrham Vedic Mission.
6. Saraswati, D. (1893). The Beliefs of Swami Dayanand Saraswati as Given in His, Satyarth Prakash.
7. Saraswati,D. (1917). Sayings and Precepts of Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
8. Saraswati,D. (2014) Satyarth Prakash. Indian Foundation for Vedic Science.
9. Sinhal, Meenu (2009). Swami Dayanand Saraswati. Prabhat Prakashan
10. The philosophy of religion in India, Delhi : Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, 2005
11. Yadav, K. C. (1995c). Autobiography of Dayanand Saraswati.

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 Without personnel that is happy in their position, a healthcare system cannot function successfully. The fundamental resource of the healthcare system is the human aspect; many disgruntled health care’s workers either leave their profession or their employment in search of better opportunities. In Raipur, the public health sector has begun to pay attention to the issue of unhappiness since these people are constantly under a lot of stress in addition to their jobs. In a public health hospital in Raipur, a study was conducted to evaluate the stress and job satisfaction of healthcare workers as well as their relationships with several dimensional variables. The data was collected using the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) questionnaire, and SPSS-9 was utilized to analyze it. the degree of job satisfaction as determined by a five-point Likert scale. According to the study’s findings, the majority of respondents are young and enthusiastic people who are unhappy with their jobs, direct supervision, freedom to pick their work style, income, promotions, a healthy work-life balance, reorganization, and acknowledgment. The majority of healthcare workers are content with their morale at work, teamwork, the working environment, and their own morale.

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 Job satisfaction, Nurses, Public, Hospital.

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  1. A M Natarajan, & A Tamilarasi, Probability Random Process & Queuing, 2nd Edition, New Age International Publishers.

2. Abdullah MA, Mukhtar F, Wazir S, Gilani I, Gorar Z, Shaikh BT. The health workforce crisis in Pakistan: A critical review and the way forward. World Health Popul, 2014; 15(3): 4-12.
3. Atif K, Khan HU, Maqbool S. Job satisfaction among doctors, a multi-faceted subject studied at a tertiary care hospital in Lahore. Pak J Med Sci, 2015; 31(3): 610-4
4. Golshan NM, Kaswuri AH, Aghashahi B, Amin M, Wan Ismail WK. Effects of Motivational Factors on Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study on Malaysian Gen-Y Administrative and Diplomatic Officers. In: 3rd International Conference on Advanced Management Science; 2011; pp. 2011; 19: 1-7.
5. Gudeta N. Job Satisfaction Across Some Selected Demographic Variables Among Hospital Health Workers in South-West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Inter J Clinic Oncol Cancer Res 2017; 2(1): 22-8.
6. Jahan S., Human Development Report 2016, Human Development for Everyone 2016.
7. Kothari C.R., Resources Methodology and Techniques, 2nd Edition 2003, Wishwa Publication, New Delhi
8. Locke EA., The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology 1976; 1297-349.
9. Lofquist LH, Dawis RV. Essentials of person-environment-correspondence counseling 1991.
10. Nikic D, Arandjelovic M, Nikolic M, Stankovic A. Job satisfaction in health care workers. Acta Medica Medianae, 2008; 47(4): 9-12.
11. Nikic D, Arandjelovic M, Nikolic M, Stankovic A. Job satisfaction in health care workers. Acta Medica Medianae, 2008; 47(4): 9-12.
12. Seccombe I, Smith G. Taking Part: Registered Nurses and the Labour Market in 1997.

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 अद्वैत वेदांत हिंदू धर्म का सर्व प्रमुख दर्शन समझा जाता है। भारतीय दर्शन के प्रमुख दर्शनों में अद्वैत वेदांत का स्थान है। यहां हम अद्वैत वेदांत में ब्रह्मा तत्व की विवेचना कर रहे हैं। अद्भुत से तात्पर्य है परम तत्व एक ही है, इसके अतिरिक्त अन्य किसी की सत्ता नहीं है। ब्रह्मा शब्द धातु से निष्पक्ष होता है जिसका अर्थ है बढ़ना या निरंतर वृद्धि करना। शंकर के अनुसार ब्रह्मा ही जगत का मूल कारण है जो मूल रूपों में प्रकट होने पर भी निर्गुण, निराकार और निर्वयव ही रहता है। ब्रह्मा सबका आदि कारण और मूल स्रोत है। शंकराचार्य के अनुसार ब्रह्मा की सत्ता अनंत और अखंड है। ब्रह्मा को सच्चिदानंद की संज्ञा दी गई है। शंकर ब्रह्मा को परमार्थिक सत्ता मानते हैं। शंकर के अनुसार ब्रह्मा सत्य हैं, निर्गुण है अर्थात् देशकालादि बंधन से मुक्त है, अर्थात् हम कह सकते हैं कि ब्रह्मा इस संसार के करता और पालक हैं।

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 अद्वैत, वेदांत, धर्म, दर्शन, ब्रह्मा.

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  1. वृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् 4-2-30

2. भारतीय दर्शनः डॉ. राधाकृष्णन भाग-2 पृ. 528
3. भारतीय दर्शनः डॉ. राधाकृष्णन भाग-2 पृ. 528
4. तैत्तिरिय उपनिषद्-शांकर भाष्य 318 
5. ब्रह्यसूत्र शांकर भाष्य-1-1-2
6. ब्रह्यसूत्र शांकर भाष्य-3-2-22
7. निरतिशयं भूमारण्यं वृहतवाद ब्रह्येतिबिद्धि- के. उप. शा. मा. 1-5
8. केनोपनिषद्-शांकर भाष्य 5
9. वृहदारण्यक कोप उपनिषद्-2-4-14
10. तैत्तिरिय उपनिषद्-3-2-5
11. श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद्-6-14
12. शांकर भाष्य-2-21 
13. तैतिरीय उपनिषद्-3,6
14. तैतिरीय उपनिषद्-316
15. सिद्धान्तलेश संग्रह-1-2
16. भारतीय दर्शनः - डॉ. देवराज पृ. 538
17. शांकर भाष्य-3136
18. ब्रह्यसूत्र शा. मा. -4-3-14
19. ब्रह्यसूत्र शा. मा. -4-3-14
20. ब्रह्यसूत्र शा. मा. -1-1-2
21. केनभाष्य 1-3

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 वैदिक काल की उपलब्धि समाज का वर्गीकरण (ब्राह्मण, क्षत्रिय, वैश्य और शूद्र) रही है। इसमें जो वर्ग सबसे पहले आता है उन्हें सबसे अधिक अधिकार, संपन्न तथा स्वच्छ (शुद्ध) माना गया है जबकि निम्न वर्ग के लोग समाज में सेवक के रूप में रहते हुए अपनी सुरक्षा को लेकर संघर्षरत रहे जिस वजह से वैदिक काल के इस वर्णभेद ने एक अंतर्कलह को जन्म दिया। इससे पीड़ित लोगों ने एक नये मत या धर्म की तलाश शुरू की। इसी बीच छठी शताब्दी ई. पू. कई धर्मों का उदय हुआ, इनमें एक बौद्ध धर्म भी है। आचार्य नरेंद्र देव का कथन है कि जिस वक्त भगवान बुद्ध का जन्म हुआ उस समय विचार जगत में भारी उथल-पुथल थी। ब्राह्मण और श्रमिक दोनों में ही विचार चर्चा चल रही थी। भारत में पिछले 2600 वर्षों से बौद्ध धर्म का पालन किया जा रहा है जिस वजह से समाज में इसका गहरा और क्रांतिकारी प्रभाव पड़ा। जिस वक्त भारत में बौद्ध धर्म का उदय हो रहा था उस काल तक देश में कोई श्रेष्ठ शक्तियां नहीं थीं। बौद्ध दर्शन ने वर्ण व्यवस्था का कड़ा विरोध किया है। बौद्ध ग्रंथों में वर्ण व्यवस्था को जहां मानव निर्मित संस्था के रूप में देखा गया है, वहीं ब्राह्मणवाद ने इसे ईश्वर निर्मित संस्था बताया है। बौद्ध दर्शन ने कर्मकांडों को चुनौती दी तथा धार्मिक पाखंड का पुरजोर विरोध किया। इस धर्म ने करुणा और मैत्री को जीवन का चरम सिद्धांत घोषित करते हुए संस्कृत की जगह लोकभाषा पाली को महत्व दिया गया। पालि भाषा और साहित्य के विशेषज्ञ डा. भरत सिंह उपाध्याय अपने शोध में बताते हैं कि संतों की साधना में मौजूद ’सतनाम’ पालि का सच्चनाम है जो तथागत बुद्ध का एक नाम ही है। बुद्ध ने हिन्दू धर्मशास्त्र को न केवल चुनौतियां दी थीं, बल्कि मानवता के अपने संदेश से न सिर्फ भारतीय बल्कि चीन, म्यांमार, थाईलैंड, वियतनाम, कोरिया और जापान तक को प्रभावित किया था। इस धर्म ने समाज में व्याप्त दबे कुचले लोगों को सामाजिक, धार्मिक आजादी दिलवाई। बौद्ध शब्दावली अरहंत शब्द का प्रयोग हुआ है, जिसका एक रूप है अर्हता। अर्हता का अर्थ है- जो योग्य है, जो पूज्य है। ऐसे में हम देखते हैं कि दुनिया में भारत की ख्याति पहली बार किसी महापुरुष ने दिलाई थी तो वो तथागत बुद्ध ही थे। बुद्ध ने बगैर दुख का समाज बनाने का सपना देखा था जिसे सम्राट अशोक व्यवहार में लाए। बुद्ध के काल में जाति व्यवस्था नहीं थी, गण की व्यवस्था थी, कुल की भी व्यवस्था थी।

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 बौद्ध, धर्म, दर्शन, वर्ण व्यवस्था,सामाजिक स्थिति.

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  1. ऋग्वेद 10.90.12।

2. वहीं 9.112.3।
3. शर्मा रामशरण, 2018, भारत का प्राचीन इतिहास, ओक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस इंडिया, नई दिल्ली, पृष्ठ संख्या 119।
4. थापर, रोमिला, 2013, प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास, एस. चन्द. एण्ड कंपनी, प्रा. लि. नई दिल्ली, पृष्ठ संख्या 113।
5. अंगुत्तर निकाय, मज्झिम निकाय, धम्मपद आदि।
6. धम्मपद, 8.8।
7. अंगुत्तर निकाय, 3.120, जातक 1.4-37।
8. शर्मा रामशरण, पूर्वाेक्त, पृष्ठ 135।
9. वही पृष्ठ 135।
10. अशोक भीम प्रिय, गुप्तों के काल के बाद बौद्ध धर्म एवं संस्कृति, बुंदेलखंड विश्वविद्यालय।
11. वही।
12. शर्मा साधना, 1992, कुषाणकालीन समाज, आत्माराम एंड संस, दिल्ली, पृष्ठ संख्या 67।
13. दिव्यवदान, 324/17-22।
14. वही 331/5-6, 328/5-6।
15. अशोक भीम प्रिय, गुप्तों के काल के बाद बौद्ध धर्म एवं संस्कृति, बुंदेलखंड विश्वविद्यालय।
16. पी.बी. बापट, बौद्ध धर्म के पच्चीस सौ वर्ष, प्राक्कथन।
17. दिव्यावदान, 323/14, 332/ 17।
18. अशोक भीम प्रिय, गुप्तों के काल के बाद बौद्ध धर्म एवं संस्कृति, बुंदेलखंड विश्वविद्यालय।
19. Larping, Phra Uten, 2006, The Theravada buddhist view of women a philosophical study, University of Mysore.
20. अशोक भीम प्रिय, गुप्तों के काल के बाद बौद्ध धर्म एवं संस्कृति, बुंदेलखंड विश्वविद्यालय।
21. अग्रवाल प्रियंका, 2011, आधुनिक भारत में बौद्ध धर्म का पुनरुद्धार, पंजाब विश्वविद्यालय।
22. लाल अंगने, सं. बौ. सा. भा. जी. पृष्ठ 201।
23. अशोक का बारहवां शिलालेख।
24. अंबेडकर भीमराव, बुद्ध एंड हिज धम्मा, पृष्ठ 351।
25. अशोक भीम प्रिय, गुप्तों के काल के बाद बौद्ध धर्म एवं संस्कृति, बुंदेलखंड विश्वविद्यालय।
26. अंबेडकर भीमराव, बुद्ध एंड हिज धम्मा, पृष्ठ 351।
27. अशोक भीम प्रिय, गुप्तों के काल के बाद बौद्ध धर्म एवं संस्कृति, बुंदेलखंड विश्वविद्यालय।
28. Rotman Andy, Divyavadana, Wisdom,publication 277.
29. Coomaraswamy Ananda K., Hinduism and Buddhism, World Press, page 201.
30. कोसाम्बी, धर्मानंद, 2008, भगवान बुद्ध: जीवन और दर्शन, लोकभारती प्रकाशन इलाहाबाद पृष्ठ-213।
31. वहीं पृष्ठ संख्या 214।
32. वहीं पृष्ठ संख्या 215।
33. विष्णु पुराण, तृतीय अंश, अध्याय 17-18।

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 Dressing up dogs in fashionable clothing has become a popular trend, reflecting self-expression and emotional attachment among pet parents. This rise in pet fashion is influenced by the increasing number of pet owners and their desire to prioritize functionality and style. Luxury fashion labels have recognized this trend and now offer specially tailored collections for pets. However, it is important to prioritize the comfort and safety of the animals when choosing pet clothing. Pet parents commonly use materials like cotton and dress their dogs a few times a week, considering factors such as warmth, protection, and aesthetic appeal. Outerwear, boots, sleepwear, and sportswear are commonly used for different activities. Pet owners should be cautious of potential sensitivities and ensure that clothing does not restrict the dog’s mobility or cause discomfort. Overall, pet fashion has become a means for pet parents to express their attachment and enhance the emotional bond with their furry companions.

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 Dog, Dog clothes, Pet Fashion, Pet Accessories, Pet Fashion, Clothing.

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  1. https://www.terrificpets.com/articles/102141265.asp (retrieved on:- 01/05/2023)

2. https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/pet-clothing-market (retrieved on:- 08/05/2023)
3. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/magazine/dog-fashion-shoot.html (retrieved on:- 15/05/2023)
4. https://artfulliving.com/inside-dog-fashion-industry/(retrieved on:- 20/05/2023)
5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276219103_A_Study_on_the_Purchasi ng_Practices_ of_Pet_Dog’s_Apparel(retrieved on:- 20/05/2023)

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 डॉ.. भीमराव अम्बेडकर महिलाओं की उन्नति के प्रबल पक्षधर थे। उनका कहना था कि “किसी समाज की प्रगति का अनुमान इस बात से लगाया जा सकता है कि उस समाज मे महिलाओं की कितनी प्रगति हुई है।“ डॉ. भीमराव अंबेडकर महिलाओं के हितो व उनके अधिकारो के प्रति संवेदनशील थे। अतः उन्होंने महिलाओं के जीवन को प्रभावित करने वाले सभी क्षेत्रों जैसे शिक्षा, विवाह,परिवार नियोजन,संपत्ति,तलाक एवं भरण-पोषण आदि को अपने विमर्श का हिस्सा बनाकर नारी मुक्ति का आह्वान किया। डॉ.. भीमराव अम्बेडकर कहते थे कि यदि महिलाएँ एक जुट हो जायें तो वो समाज को सुधारने के लिए क्या कुछ नहीं कर सकती हैं। उन्होंने महिलाओं के लिए मातृत्व अवकाश की व्यवस्था की। संविधान निर्माण में उनकी अभूतपूर्व भूमिका रही जिसमें सभी नागरिको को बराबर का हक प्रदान किया गया। उन्होंने अपने जीवनकाल में महिला सशक्तीकरण के कई कदम उठाए। उनका स्पष्ट तौर पर कहना था कि लोकतंत्र सही मायने में तब आयेगा जब महिलाओं को पैतृक संपत्ति में हिस्सा मिलेगा और उन्हें पुरुषों के समान अधिकार दिए जाएंगे।

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 संविधान, अधिकार, लोकतंत्र, समानता, स्वतन्त्रता, सशक्तीकरण.

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  1. कश्यप आलोक, (2012) भारतीय समाज में नारी: दशा एवं दिशा, आर्या पलिकेशन,नई दिल्ली पृष्ठ संख्या 1-2।

2. वर्षा और हिमांशु (2019) डॉ. भीमराव अम्बेडकर के चिंतनः में दलित विमर्श: भारतीय महिलाओं के विशेष सन्दर्भ में, रिव्यू ऑफ रिसर्च अवसनउम-8 पेज 2।
3. अम्बेडकर, भीमराव (2008) हिन्दू नारी का उत्थान एवं पतन, सम्पर्क प्रकाशन नई दिल्ली पेज संख्या 15।
4. बाबा साहेब भीमराव अम्बेडकर सम्पूर्ण वाङ्मय (2020) टवसनउम7 क्रांति तथा प्रतिक्रांति, बुद्ध तथा कार्लमार्क्स डॉ. अम्बेडकर प्रतिष्ठान सामाजिक न्याय तथा अधिकारिता मंत्रालय (भारत सरकार) पेज 310-321।
5. वही।
6. राजक, रामचन्द्र (2017) उपनिवेशवाद स्त्री अस्मिता का प्रश्न, इंटरनेशनल जर्नल ऑफ हिन्दी रिव्यू पेज 20।
7. जोगी गोपा, (2011) भारत में स्त्री असमानता, दिल्ली कार्यान्वयन निदेशालय नई दिल्ली पेज - 114।
8. कुमार विजय, (2017) समाज सुधार में महात्मा ज्योतिषा फुले का योगदान, इंटेरनेशनल जर्नल ऑफ क्रिएटिव रिसर्च थॉट, पेज 39-40।
9. सीमा (2015) महिला अधिकारों के अग्रदूत, इंटरनेशनल जर्नल ऑफ एप्लाइड रिसर्च, पेज 49 -56।
10. नीता (2016) अम्बेडकर और नारी, इटरनेशनल जर्नल ऑफ इनोवोरिव सोशल साइंस एंड हिम्मुनटीज रिसर्च, पेज 57।
11. वही।
12. सीमा (2019) डॉ. अम्बेडकर और नारी सशक्तीकरण, इंटरनेशनल जर्नल ऑफ मल्टी डिरपनरी, पेज 713-718।
13. चौधरी आभालाला (2010) नारी स्वतंत्रता और डॉ. अम्बेडकर, नटराज प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली पेज संख्या 167।
14. भारती अनीता, (2010) दलित और गैर दलित स्त्री आन्दोलनः डॉ. अम्बेडकर का स्त्री चिंतन: नटराज प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, पेज संख्या 56।
15. जैन पुखराज, (1973) भारत का संवैधानिक विकास और भारतीय संविधान, साहित्य भवन पब्लिकेशन, पेज संख्या 97, 198।

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 This abstract provides an overview of e-Governance in India and its role in extending democracy. With rapid technological advancements, e-Governance has emerged as a crucial tool for enhancing transparency, efficiency, and citizen participation in the governance process. In India, implementing various e-Governance initiatives has transformed the traditional bureaucratic system into a more inclusive and accessible form of governance. This overview begins by highlighting the significance of democracy in India and the challenges faced by the Government in ensuring the participation of all citizens in the decision-making process. It then delves into the concept of e-Governance and its potential to bridge the gap between the Government and the citizens. By leveraging information and communication technologies (ICTs), e-Governance facilitates the delivery of Government services, promotes digital literacy, and empowers citizens with access to information. The overview further explores the critical e-Governance initiatives undertaken by the Indian Government, such as the Digital India program, which aims to transform the country into a digitally empowered society. The program encompasses various projects, including creating digital infrastructure, establishing digital identities, and providing digital services. These initiatives have revolutionized service delivery, improved administrative efficiency, and strengthened citizen engagement. Furthermore, the abstract discusses the impact of e-Governance on different sectors, such as healthcare, education, agriculture, and public administration. It highlights the successful implementation of e-Governance applications like e-Healthcare, e-Education, and e-Panchayats, which have resulted in improved access to healthcare facilities, enhanced educational opportunities, and efficient local governance. The overview also addresses the challenges associated with e-Governance in India, such as the digital divide, privacy concerns, and cybersecurity risks. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive policies, infrastructure development, and capacity building to ensure the inclusive and secure implementation of e-Governance initiatives. In conclusion, e-Governance in India has emerged as a catalyst for extending democracy by leveraging technology to enhance citizen participation, transparency, and accountability. While significant progress has been made, there is still a long way to go in bridging the digital divide and addressing associated challenges. By embracing technological advancements and adopting holistic approaches, India can continue to pave the way for a more inclusive and participatory form of governance, strengthening its democratic foundations.

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 e-Governance, Democracy, Technology, Transparency, Education, Agriculture.

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 1. Bhatnagar, S., & Singh, H. (2018). E-Governance in India: Opportunities and Challenges. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 9(4), 11-15.

2. Chakrabarti, R. (2016). e-Governance in India: A Comprehensive Perspective. Journal of Electronic Governance, 9(4), 296-317.
3. Government of India. (2015). Digital India: A Transformational Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/
4. Government of India. (2018). e-Panchayat Mission Mode Project. Retrieved from https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/content/epanchayat
5. Government of India. (2019). e-Education Mission Mode Project. Retrieved from https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/content/eeducation
6. Government of India. (2020). National e-Governance Plan (NeGP). Retrieved from https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/content/national-e-governance-plan-negp
7. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. (2022). Digital India: A Summary. Retrieved from https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Summary-Digital-India.pdf
8. Pingle, S. D. (2017). e-Governance Initiatives in India: A Review. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 8(5), 3222-3226.
9. Prasad, K. D. (2020). e-Governance in India: An Empirical Analysis. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 66(1), 101-114.
10. Ramakrishnan, N. (2019). e-Governance and Digital India: Challenges and Opportunities. Economic and Political Weekly, 54(22), 20-23.
11. Sharma, A. K., & Maheshwari, R. (2018). e-Governance in India: Issues and Challenges. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 8(2), 16-22.
12. Singh, S., & Sharma, S. K. (2020). Digital India: A Vision for Transformation of India. Journal of Electronic Governance, 13(1), 1-12.
13. Sridhar, M. S. (2019). Digital India: An Overview of Progress and Challenges. Journal of E-Governance, 42(2), 97-113.
14. Upadhyay, M., & Pahuja, R. (2021). Digital India and e-Governance: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 10(1), 59-75.
15. Venkataraman, N., & Gomathi, S. (2018). e-Governance in India: Opportunities and Challenges. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 7(5), 71-77.

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 Mathematics is very important subject. It is used in daily life in whole time. The discipline nation cannot move an inch without mathematics. So the world cannot move one step without mathematics. The objective of the study was examined to find out the performance of students in Geometry, verbal & non-verbal problems of Arithmetic and Algebra at secondary level school students in relation to their gender, management and locale variation. To achieve the goal of the study researcher used comprehensive data collected through final examination marks in different Branches of Mathematics from the schools under WBBSE Board. It is descriptive survey method. According to the above considerations the findings of the study in that in the below 50% marks Boys are strong to Girls in non-verbal problems of Arithmetic and Algebra and also in the above 50% marks Boys are strong to Girls in non-verbal problems of Arithmetic and Algebra. Hence, Boys score > Girls score. According to management variation, in the below 50% marks Govt. School Students are strong to Pvt. School Students in non-verbal problems of Arithmetic and Algebra and also in the above 50% marks Govt. School Students are strong to Pvt. School Students in non-verbal problems of Arithmetic and Algebra. Hence, Govt. School Students score > Pvt. School Students score. Lastly to locale variation, In the below 50% marks Urban School Students are strong to Rural School Students in non-verbal problems of Arithmetic and Algebra and also in the above 50% marks Urban School Students are strong to Rural School Students in non-verbal problems of Arithmetic and Algebra. Hence, Urban School Students score > Rural School Students score. It is importance to note that teacher’s about the teaching and learning process to enhance better performance in Geometry, Verbal problems of Arithmetic and Algebra in secondary level schools.

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 Learning, Performance, final examination, Branches of Mathematics, Secondary level.

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  1. Bishop, A et. al (2004) conducted, “Investigation of effective mathematics teaching and learning in Australian secondary schools”.

2. Lithner, J (2011) University Mathematics students learning difficulties. Education Inquiry Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2011. pp.289-303
3. Mancl, D. B (2011) Investigating the effects of a combined problem solving strategy for students with learning difficulties in Mathematics. UNLV Theses/Dissertat ions/ProfessionaI Papers/Capstoncs. Paper 927.
4. Rao (1996) Conducted, “Investigator into the relative effectiveness of guided discover and expository approaches of teaching Mathematics.”
5. Shastri (2010) conducted, “A study of delay of feedback and retention in understanding in Mathematics”.
6. Singh, Mr. R (2011) conducted. “Intervention strategy for removing learning Problems in Mathematics of standard-1 students”.
7. Singh, Mr. R (2011) Intervention strategy for removing learning Difficulties in Mathematics of standard-I students. Himalayan Journal of social sciences vol. I, issue 2, Oct. 2011 pp 45-49
8. Zhao, N (2011) Mathematics learning performance and Mathematics learning difficulties in China. FACULTEIT PSYCHOLOGIK EN PEDAGOGISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN Henri Dunantlaan 2. Ghent September 2011

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 नैतिक तत्व और नैतिक मूल्य भूतकाल की उपलब्धियों का सार है, एवं वर्तमान युग की पथ. प्रदर्शिका है। नीति संबंधी अनेक शब्द एवं पद सूक्तियों के रूप में समाज में प्रचलित हो गए हैं, जो आप्तजन की भांति जटिल एवं गहन समस्याओं का समाधान प्रस्तुत करके समाज के लिए वरदान के रूप में उपस्थित होते हैं। आपद् ग्रस्त मानव को ये सूक्तियां एवं लोकोक्तियां बंधुजन की भांति उचित मार्ग के अनुसरण की प्रेरणा देती हैं। आचार संबंधी इन नीति की उक्तियों के महत्व को जितना प्रतिपादित किया जाये उतना ही कम होगा। सरस्वती की आराधना करने वाले उन प्राचीन मनीषियों में से एक भर्तृहरि ने अपनी अगाध अंतश्चेतना एवं मनन के द्वारा उपलब्ध जीवन की गहन अनुभूतियों को समाज के लिए नीति के रूप में प्रस्तुत करके अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण कार्य किया है।

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 शतकतत्रय, श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता, हितोपदेश, इंद्रिय निग्रह, नीतिशास्त्र, ज्ञान तीर्थ.

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  1. गैरोला वाचस्पति, संस्कृत साहित्य का संक्षिप्त इतिहास, पृष्ठ 634, प्रकाशन 1978।

2. ऐतरेय उपनिषद्, गीताप्रेस प्रकाशन, गोरखपुर।
3. श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता, गीता प्रकाशन, गोरखपुर।
4. त्रिपाठी शिव शंकर, कवियों की लोक दृष्टि,  चौखंबा  संस्कृत भवन, वाराणसी।
5. काव्यों में नीति तत्व, गीता प्रेस प्रकाशन, गोरखपुर।
6. त्रिपाठी श्रीकृष्ण मणि, नीतिशतकम, चौखंबा सुरभारती प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली।
7. मिश्र नित्यानंद, नीति शास्त्र सिद्धांत एवं व्यवहार, मोतीलाल बनारसीदास, दिल्ली 2009।
8. उपाध्याय दद्दन, भर्तृहरि शतकतत्रयम्, रमारंजनी टीका सहित, चौखंबा पब्लिकेशन हाउस, नई दिल्ली।
9. चंद्र कृष्ण, भर्तृहरि के शतक काव्यों का साहित्यिक एवं दार्शनिक अध्ययन, चौखंबा संस्कृत भवन, नई दिल्ली।
10. कवठेकर प्रभाकर नारायण, संस्कृत साहित्य में नीति कथा का उद्भव एवं विकास, ब्रह्मवादिनी प्रेस, मद्रास 1972।

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 The Bastar region, located in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh, has witnessed significant socio-political and cultural changes between 1947 and 2000. These changes have been shaped by various factors, including the region’s historical context, the nature of state-society relations, and the emergence of new social and political movements. At the time of India’s independence in 1947, Bastar was a princely state under the control of the British Raj. The region was subsequently merged into the newly independent India, and a democratic system of governance was established. However, the transition was not without challenges, and Bastar witnessed several violent conflicts between various tribal groups and the state. In the decades that followed, the region witnessed significant changes in its social and cultural fabric. The traditional tribal way of life was gradually replaced by modernization and industrialization, leading to the emergence of a new class of urbanized elites. This process was further accelerated by the Government’s policies of land acquisition and resettlement. The political landscape of the region also underwent significant changes during this period. The mainstream political parties, such as the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party, began to make inroads into the region, challenging the dominance of local tribal leaders. The emergence of new social and political movements, such as the Maoist insurgency, further complicated the region’s political scenario. Cultural changes in the region were also profound, with the traditional tribal culture being gradually replaced by a more cosmopolitan outlook. Education, media, and technology played a significant role in this process, leading to the emergence of a new generation of educated youth who were more exposed to mainstream Indian culture. In conclusion, the period between 1947 and 2000 witnessed significant socio-political and cultural changes in the Bastar region. These changes were driven by various factors, including historical context, state-society relations, and the emergence of new social and political movements. The legacy of these changes continues to shape the region’s identity and its place in contemporary India.

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 Bastar region, Socio-political, Cultural, Modernization, Urbanization, Technology.

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  1. Alam, S. M. Shamsul. “Adivasi Rights and India’s Tribal Policies: A Case Study of Chhattisgarh.” Asian Ethnicity, vol. 18, no. 1, 2017, pp. 52-65.

2. Babb, Lawrence A. The Elusive Granary: Herder, Farmer, and State in Northern Kenya. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
3. Bandyopadhyay, Jayanta. “The Maoist Movement in India: A Comparative Study of the Political Impasse in the Northeast and the Naxalite Movement.” Journal of Asian and African Studies, vol. 48, no. 2, 2013, pp. 147-162.
4. Chakraborty, Sumit. “Development-Induced Displacement and Rehabilitation: A Case Study of the Bastar Region in Chhattisgarh.” Indian Journal of Human Development, vol. 12, no. 1, 2018, pp. 83-96.
5. Chatterjee, Partha. The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World. Columbia University, Press, 2006.
6. Collier, Paul. The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford University Press, 2007.
7. Das, Kalyan. “Land Acquisition and Tribal Livelihoods: A Case Study of Jharkhand.” Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, vol. 18, no. 2, 2017, pp. 203-220.
8. Duggal, Ravi. “Maoist Insurgency and State Response in India: An Overview.” Journal of South Asian Development, vol. 9, no. 2, 2014, pp. 199-218.
9. Ghosh, Partha S. “Resettlement and Rehabilitation of Displaced Persons in India: An Overview.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 47, no. 10, 2012, pp. 78-87.
10. Guha, Ramachandra. India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy. HarperCollins, 2007.
11. Karanth, K. Ullas. “India’s Forests: Fostering Resistance, Generating Violence.” Conservation Biology, vol. 29, no. 3, 2015, pp. 813-815.
12. Leach, James. “Politics, Anthropology, and the Global Governance of Forests.” Global Environmental Politics, vol. 5, no. 3, 2005, pp. 1-10.
13. Nair, Janaki. “Dispossession, Displacement, and Resistance: Adivasis in Chhattisgarh.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 49, no. 38, 2014, pp. 33-40.
14. Sengupta, Nilanjan. “The Indian State and the Maoist Insurgency: A Critical Analysis.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 47, no. 3, 2017, pp. 467-486.
15. Sundar, Nandini. “Law, Order, and Civil Liberties in Bastar.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 50, no. 13, 2015, pp. 12-15.
 

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 आज वर्तमान समय में पर्यावरणीय इतिहास का महत्त्व काफी बढ़ गया है क्योंकि जलवायु परिवर्तन, पर्यावरण असंतुलन व प्रदूषण की समस्या केवल भारत ही नहीं बल्कि पूरे विश्व के लिए समस्या बन गया है। भारत में अगर पर्यावरण संरक्षण की बात की जाय तो जब से मानव सभ्यता का विकास हुआ है तब से ऐसे अनेक प्रमाण प्राप्त होते हैं जिससे हमें पर्यावरण संरक्षण की झलक देखने को मिलती है। सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता में सिंधु निवासियों द्वारा प्रकृति की पूजा की जाती थी। इसके बाद वैदिक काल में भी नदियों, वृक्षों आदि की पूजा की जाती थी, परन्तु आधिकारिक रूप से पर्यावरण संरक्षण का प्रयास मौर्यकालीन शासकों द्वारा ही किया गया है। सर्वप्रथम चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य द्वारा अपने शासन काल में वन एवं वन्यजीव संरक्षण के लिए अनेक अधिकारियों की नियुक्ति की गई। इसके साथ ही सुदर्शन झील का निर्माण करवाया गया था। इसी प्रकार सम्राट अशोक के विभिन्न शिलालेखों एवं स्तंभ लेखों से हमें पर्यावरण संरक्षण का प्रमाण स्पष्ट रूप से परिलक्षित होता है। इस प्रकार आज वर्तमान समय में मानव द्वारा प्रकृति का दोहन तथा पर्यावरण असंतुलन व प्रदूषण की समस्या को देखते हुए यह अति आवश्यक है कि हम प्राचीन भारत के पर्यावरणीय इतिहास को जानें तथा उससे प्रेरणा लेकर वर्तमान में सुधार करें। अतः इस शोध आलेख के माध्यम से प्राचीन भारत के पर्यावरणीय इतिहास को उजागर करने का प्रयास किया गया है।

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 पर्यावरण, अहिंसा, धम्म, अभयवन, सम्राट अशोक, गजतमें, हस्तिवन.

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  1. सिंह भगवान, हड़प्पा सभ्यता और वैदिक साहित्य, राधाकृष्ण प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, पृ . सं 233 -34 

2. श्रीवास्तव के सी, प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास तथा संस्कृति, यूनाइटेड बुक डिपो, इलाहाबाद, 2019-20, पृ सं 61 
3. सिंह फुलेश्वर, प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास, आलोक भारती प्रकाशन, पटना, 2010, पृ सं 99 
4. शर्मा राम शरण (अनु देवशंकर नवीन, धर्मराज कुमार), भारत का प्राचीन इतिहास, ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस, नई दिल्ली, 2021, पृ सं 128 
5. वही, पृ सं 130 
6. प्रसाद मणिशंकर, कौटिल्य के राजनीतिक एवं सामाजिक विचार, मोतीलाल बनारसीदास प्रकाशन,नई दिल्ली, 1998, पृ सं 25 
7. पूर्वोक्त, श्रीवास्तव के सी, पृ सं 256 
8. झा द्विजेन्द्र नारायण, श्रीमाली कृष्ण मोहन, प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास, हिन्दी माध्यम कार्यान्वय निदेशालय, दिल्ली विश्वविधालय, 2018, पृ सं 203 
9. पूर्वोक्त, प्रसाद मणिशंकर, पृ सं 133 
10. मुखर्जी राधा कुमुद, अशोक, मोतीलाल बनारसीदास प्रकाशन, दिल्ली, चतुर्थ पुनर्मुद्रण, 2015 पृ सं 51 
11. पूर्वोक्त, श्रीवास्तव के सी, पृ सं 242 
12. वही, पृ सं 243 
13. पूर्वोक्त, मुखर्जी राधा कुमुद, पृ सं 108 
14. वही, पृ सं 111 
15. वही पृ सं 132-33 
16. सिन्हा बिपिन बिहारी, प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास, ज्ञानदा प्रकाशन, नई दिल्ली, 2014 पृ सं 182 
17. पूर्वोक्त, मुखर्जी राधा कुमुद, पृ सं 51

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 Block Development Administration in Chhattisgarh, India, is critical to the state’s governance structure. The state is divided into administrative units called blocks, each headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO) responsible for the overall development of the area under their jurisdiction. This paper provides an overview of the Block Development Administration in Chhattisgarh, including its structure, functions, and challenges. The paper discusses the role of the BDO in implementing various Government schemes and programs aimed at improving the living standards of the rural population. The BDO is responsible for coordinating with multiple departments to ensure the successful implementation of these schemes, which include rural electrification, water supply, sanitation, and education. The paper also highlights the challenges the Block Development Administration faced in Chhattisgarh, such as inadequate infrastructure, lack of resources, and bureaucratic hurdles. It discusses the need for the state Government to provide more support to the Block Development Administration and to enhance the skills and capacity of BDOs to overcome these challenges.

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 Community Development, Gram Panchayat, Social Welfare, Skill Development, Women Empowerment.

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  1. Akhouri, Ritu. “Chhattisgarh: A Study of Development and Governance.” International Journal of Social Science and Interdisciplinary Research, vol. 2, no. 1, 2013, pp. 45-58.

2. Bariha, Pradeep Kumar. “An Assessment of Rural Development Programmes in Chhattisgarh.” Indian Journal of Regional Science, vol. 44, no. 1, 2012, pp. 77-86.
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7. Jain, Nirmal Kumar. “Block Development Administration and Rural Development: A Case Study of Chhattisgarh.” Journal of Rural Development, vol. 30, no. 1, 2011, pp. 91-100.
8. Jha, Narendra Kumar, and Abha Shukla. “A Study of Block Development Administration in Chhattisgarh.” Journal of Indian Research, vol. 4, no. 4, 2016, pp. 9-13.
9. Kumar, Pramod. “Block Development Administration in Chhattisgarh: An Evaluation.” Journal of Rural Development, vol. 36, no. 1, 2017, pp. 71-86.
10. Ministry of Panchayati Raj. “Panchayati Raj System in Chhattisgarh.” Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India, n.d., https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/36961/Panchayati+Raj+ System+in+Chhattisgarh.pdf.
11. Mohapatra, Satyajit. “Decentralized Planning in Chhattisgarh: Issues and Challenges.” Indian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 61, no. 4, 2015, pp. 785-802.
12. Pandey, Mahesh Kumar. “Block Development Administration and Rural Development: A Study of Chhattisgarh.” Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, vol. 2, no. 3, 2014, pp. 207-214.
13. Sahu, Sujit Kumar, and S. K. Shukla. “Chhattisgarh: An Emerging State of India.” The Journal of Entrepreneurship, vol. 25, no. 2, 2016, pp. 179-193.
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